What use are male hosts? The dynamics of maternally inherited bacteria showing sexual transmission or male killing.

Closely related pathogens and parasites often have distinctly different strategies for transmission. In some cases, presence of one potential mode of transmission reduces the rate of or forbids another. In these cases, one can ask what the conditions are that favor the use of one mode of transmission over the other. We constructed a mathematical model to examine this issue for the case of maternally inherited endosymbionts of insects. Here, killing males (to enhance transmission through the female line by reducing sibling competition) and retaining live males as a vehicle for sexual transmission are mutually exclusive strategies. Our model indicates that sexual transmission of a maternally inherited parasite can exclude a male-killing strain, provided that a sexually transmitted infection can take over an infection by a male-killing strain either following exposure or when male killing is incomplete and sexual transmission is efficient. The presence of sexual transmission may also explain why secondary symbionts do not degrade toward the evolution of male killing but remain as "beneficial partners" to both male and female hosts. This stabilization may be fundamental to the evolution toward obligate mutualism, and thus it is important in the ecology and evolution of many arthropod groups.