Parker H M, McDaniel C D
Mississippi State University, Poultry Science Department, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
Poult Sci. 2009 Apr;88(4):784-90. doi: 10.3382/ps.2008-00368.
Parthenogenesis, embryonic development of an unfertilized egg, was studied for many years in turkeys. In fact, as many as 49% of unfertilized Beltsville Small White turkey eggs develop embryos. However, no research exists on parthenogenesis in quail. The Chinese painted quail is a close relative of the more common Japanese quail and, unlike turkeys or chickens, the small Chinese painted quail reaches sexual maturity rapidly, making it a great candidate for further research on parthenogenesis. Obviously, a better understanding of avian parthenogenesis should increase our knowledge of avian fertilization and early embryonic development. Therefore, we determined if unfertilized Chinese painted quail hens produce embryos. Second, we explored the possibility that position of the egg within the clutch influences parthenogenesis. When initial secondary sexual plumage was apparent at 4 wk of age, male chicks were separated from females to prevent fertilization. Hens were placed in individual cages near sexual maturity, at approximately 6 wk of age. Individual eggs were collected daily and labeled with hen number and date. Eggs were stored for 0 to 3 d at 20 degrees C before incubation at 37.5 degrees C. After 10 d of incubation, approximately 4,000 eggs from 300 laying hens were examined for embryonic development under a magnifying lamp. On average, 4.8% of the unfertilized eggs contained an abortive form of embryonic development consisting of undifferentiated cells and unorganized membranes. Approximately 27% of the laying hens produced at least 1 egg with parthenogenic development. However, about 10% (30) of these hens exhibited a predisposition for parthenogenesis by producing 2 or more unfertilized eggs with embryonic development. Twenty percent of the eggs from 2 hens produced embryonic development. Additionally, the first egg laid in a clutch was most likely to produce embryonic development, with a steady decline in the percentage of eggs with embryonic development as position in the clutch increased. In conclusion, the Chinese painted quail does exhibit parthenogenesis and clutch position influences the rate of naturally occurring parthenogenesis.
孤雌生殖，即未受精卵的胚胎发育，在火鸡身上已被研究多年。事实上，多达49%的未受精的贝尔茨维尔小种白火鸡蛋会发育成胚胎。然而，目前尚无关于鹌鹑孤雌生殖的研究。中华鹧鸪是较为常见的日本鹌鹑的近亲，与火鸡或鸡不同，体型较小的中华鹧鸪性成熟迅速，这使其成为进一步研究孤雌生殖的理想对象。显然，更好地了解鸟类孤雌生殖应能增进我们对鸟类受精和早期胚胎发育的认识。因此，我们确定未受精的中华鹧鸪母鸡是否能产生胚胎。其次，我们探究了一窝蛋中鸡蛋的位置是否会影响孤雌生殖的可能性。当雄性雏鸡在4周龄时出现初始第二性征羽毛时，将其与雌性分开以防止受精。母鸡在接近性成熟时，即大约6周龄时被放入单独的笼子里。每天收集单个鸡蛋，并标记母鸡编号和日期。鸡蛋在20摄氏度下保存0至3天，然后在37.5摄氏度下孵化。孵化10天后，在放大镜下检查来自300只产蛋母鸡的约4000个鸡蛋的胚胎发育情况。平均而言，4.8%的未受精卵含有胚胎发育的流产形式，由未分化细胞和无组织的膜组成。约27%的产蛋母鸡至少产了1个具有孤雌生殖发育的蛋。然而，这些母鸡中约10%（30只）表现出孤雌生殖的倾向，产出了2个或更多具有胚胎发育的未受精卵。来自2只母鸡的20%的蛋产生了胚胎发育。此外，一窝中产下的第一枚蛋最有可能产生胚胎发育，随着在一窝蛋中的位置增加，具有胚胎发育的蛋的百分比稳步下降。总之，中华鹧鸪确实表现出孤雌生殖，并且一窝蛋中的位置会影响自然发生的孤雌生殖的比率。
J Hered. 2021-12-17
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