Cooper Mark, van Eeuwijk Fred A, Hammer Graeme L, Podlich Dean W, Messina Carlos
Pioneer Hi-Bred International, 7250 NW 62nd Ave, Johnston, IA 50131, United States.
Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2009 Apr;12(2):231-40. doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2009.01.006. Epub 2009 Mar 11.
The genetic architecture of a trait is defined by the set of genes contributing to genetic variation within a reference population of genotypes together with information on their location in the genome and the effects of their alleles on traits, including intra-locus and inter-locus interactions, environmental dependencies, and pleiotropy. Accumulated evidence from trait mapping studies emphasizes that plant breeders work within a trait genetic complexity continuum. Some traits show a relatively simple genetic architecture while others, such as grain yield, have a complex architecture. An important advance is that we now have empirical genetic models of trait genetic architecture obtained from mapping studies (multi-QTL models including various genetic effects that may vary in relation to environmental factors) to ground theoretical investigations on the merits of alternative breeding strategies. Such theoretical studies indicate that as the genetic complexity of traits increases the opportunities for realizing benefits from molecular enhanced breeding strategies increase. To realize these potential benefits and enable the plant breeder to increase rate of genetic gain for complex traits it is anticipated that the empirical genetic models of trait genetic architecture used for predicting trait variation will need to incorporate the effects of genetic interactions and be interpreted within a genotype-environment-management framework for the target agricultural production system.
一个性状的遗传结构由一组基因定义，这些基因在一个参考基因型群体中对遗传变异有贡献，同时还包括它们在基因组中的位置信息以及它们的等位基因对性状的影响，包括基因座内和基因座间的相互作用、环境依赖性和多效性。性状定位研究积累的证据强调，植物育种家在一个性状遗传复杂性连续体中开展工作。一些性状表现出相对简单的遗传结构，而其他性状，如谷物产量，则具有复杂的结构。一个重要的进展是，我们现在有了从定位研究中获得的性状遗传结构的经验遗传模型（包括各种可能因环境因素而异的遗传效应的多QTL模型），为关于替代育种策略优点的理论研究提供了基础。此类理论研究表明，随着性状遗传复杂性的增加，从分子增强育种策略中实现效益的机会也会增加。为了实现这些潜在效益，并使植物育种家提高复杂性状的遗传增益率，预计用于预测性状变异的性状遗传结构的经验遗传模型将需要纳入遗传相互作用的影响，并在目标农业生产系统的基因型-环境-管理框架内进行解释。
