Buscarini Maurizio, Stein John P
Department of Urology, Universita' Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy.
Urol Oncol. 2009 Mar-Apr;27(2):193-8. doi: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2008.07.026.
Training the new generation of urologic oncologist from a surgical perspective poses unique challenges. The advent of minimally invasive surgical procedures coupled with the need to perform open surgical procedures has significantly increased the demands upon both the trainer and trainee. The learning and practice of complex procedures demand continuous improvements in surgical training programs. This review discusses some theoretical and practical issues to be considered for the successful and safe transmission of surgical skills in an era of increasing regulations.
Few systematic studies address this topic, leaving ample margin for research and improvement in this endeavor. It is the authors' opinion that mentorship remains the most significant and important component to successful surgical training today. The advent of simulation, virtual reality, and modular teaching represent (novel and important) advances in the field of surgical education. While some residency programs have incorporated these changes into their surgical training curriculum, this has not become widespread and the available literature remains at best sporadic.
Mentorship remains an integral if not the most critical component to surgical training today. Other novel approaches to surgical training have developed and should be incorporated into the traditional concepts of mentorship training. This may become even more important with the advent of minimally invasive approaches to surgery. The vast majority of the studies published concur that the traditional model of "see one, do one, teach one" is not an optimal approach for training surgical skills. Socioeconomic changes are forcing the surgical community to rethink how they train residents and absorb new technologies. Adapting to the new demands posed on surgical educators represents a great challenge for the upcoming years.
从外科角度培养新一代泌尿外科肿瘤学家面临着独特的挑战。微创手术的出现以及开展开放手术的需求，显著增加了对培训者和受训者的要求。复杂手术的学习和实践需要手术培训项目不断改进。本综述讨论了在监管日益严格的时代，为成功且安全地传授手术技能而需考虑的一些理论和实际问题。
很少有系统的研究涉及这个主题，在这一领域仍有很大的研究和改进空间。作者认为，导师指导仍是当今成功进行外科培训最重要的组成部分。模拟、虚拟现实和模块化教学的出现代表了外科教育领域（新颖且重要的）进步。虽然一些住院医师培训项目已将这些变化纳入其外科培训课程，但这尚未广泛普及，现有文献最多也只是零星的。
导师指导即使不是当今外科培训最关键的组成部分，也是不可或缺的。外科培训的其他新方法已经出现，应纳入传统的导师指导培训概念中。随着微创手术方法的出现，这可能会变得更加重要。已发表的绝大多数研究都认为，“看一个，做一个，教一个”的传统模式并非培训手术技能的最佳方法。社会经济变化正迫使外科界重新思考他们如何培训住院医师以及吸收新技术。适应对外科教育工作者提出的新要求对未来几年来说是一个巨大的挑战。
