Keleher H, Franklin L
Department of Health Science, Monash University, Peninsula Campus, Australia.
Glob Public Health. 2008;3 Suppl 1:42-57. doi: 10.1080/17441690801892307.
Gendered norms are embedded in social structures, operating to restrict the rights, opportunities, and capabilities, of women and girls, causing significant burdens, discrimination, subordination, and exploitation. This review, developed for the Women and Gender Equity Knowledge Network of the WHO Commission on the Social Determinants of Health, sought to identify the best available research evidence about programmatic interventions, at the level of household and community, that have been effective for changing gender norms to increase the status of women. The focus was on developing countries. A wide range of single and multiple databases were searched, utilizing database specific keywords such as: women and girls; men and boys; household and community; intervention; and gender norms. Key themes were identified: education of women and girls; economic empowerment of women; violence against women, including female genital mutilation/cutting; and men and boys. Types of interventions, levels of action, populations of interest, and key outcomes from evaluations are identified. Evaluations are limited, with little evidence or measurement of changes in gender equity and women's empowerment. A key finding is, that targeting women and girls is a sound investment, but outcomes are dependent on integrated approaches and the protective umbrella of policy and legislative actions.
性别规范深深嵌入社会结构之中，对妇女和女童的权利、机会及能力加以限制，造成了巨大负担、歧视、从属地位及剥削。这份为世界卫生组织健康问题社会决定因素委员会的妇女与性别平等知识网络撰写的综述，旨在找出关于家庭和社区层面已证明能有效改变性别规范以提高妇女地位的方案干预措施的最佳现有研究证据。重点是发展中国家。通过使用特定数据库关键词，如：妇女和女童；男子和男孩；家庭和社区；干预措施；以及性别规范，对大量单一和多个数据库进行了检索。确定了关键主题：妇女和女童教育；妇女经济赋权；暴力侵害妇女行为，包括女性生殖器切割；以及男子和男孩。明确了干预措施类型、行动层面、目标人群以及评估的关键成果。评估有限，几乎没有关于性别平等和妇女赋权变化的证据或衡量标准。一个关键发现是，以妇女和女童为目标是一项明智投资，但成果取决于综合方法以及政策和立法行动的保护框架。
