Psychonomics Department, University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 15, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
J Cogn Neurosci. 2010 May;22(5):807-23. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21205.
LeDoux [LeDoux, J. E. The emotional brain. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996] motivated the direct route in his dual-pathway model by arguing that the ability to switch rapidly between different modes of behavior is highly adaptive. This motivation was supported by evolutionary simulations [den Dulk, P., Heerebout, B. T., & Phaf, R. H. A computational study into the evolution of dual-route dynamics for affective processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 194-208, 2003], in which foraging agents, controlled by simple inheritable neural networks, navigated an artificial world while avoiding predation. After many generations, a dual-processing architecture evolved that enabled a rapid switch to avoidance behavior when a predator appeared. We added recurrent connections to a new "context" layer in the indirect pathway to provide the agents with a working memory of previous input (i.e., a "context"). Unexpectedly, agents with oscillating networks emerged that had a much higher fitness than agents without oscillations. Oscillations seemed to have similar effects on switching speed as the dual-processing architecture, but they enhanced switching efficacy to a much larger degree. There has been much neurobiological speculation on the function, if any, of neural oscillations. These findings suggest that the facilitation of switching behavior is a likely candidate. Moreover, the strongly improved adaptation in the simulations contradicts the position that neural oscillations are merely a by-product of cell firing and have no functional value [Pareti, G., & De Palma, A. Does the brain oscillate? The dispute on neuronal synchronization. Neurological Sciences, 25, 41-47, 2004].
勒杜克斯 [勒杜克斯，JE。情绪大脑。纽约：西蒙与舒斯特，1996 年] 在他的双通道模型中提出了直接途径，理由是快速切换不同行为模式的能力具有高度适应性。这种动机得到了进化模拟的支持 [登杜尔克，P.，赫勒布特，BT，&法夫，RH。情感加工双路径动力学的计算研究。认知神经科学杂志，15，194-208，2003 年]，其中觅食者由简单的可遗传神经网络控制，在避免捕食的情况下在人工世界中导航。经过许多代，进化出了一种双处理架构，使捕食者出现时能够快速切换到回避行为。我们在间接途径的新“上下文”层中添加了递归连接，为代理提供了对先前输入的工作记忆（即“上下文”）。出乎意料的是，出现了具有振荡网络的代理，其适应性比没有振荡的代理高得多。振荡似乎对切换速度有类似于双处理架构的影响，但它们增强了切换效果的程度要大得多。神经生物学界对神经振荡的功能（如果有的话）进行了大量推测。这些发现表明，促进切换行为可能是一个候选者。此外，模拟中的适应性大大提高与神经振荡仅仅是细胞发射的副产品且没有功能价值的观点相矛盾 [帕雷蒂，G.，&德帕尔马，A. 大脑是否振荡？神经元同步的争议。神经科学杂志，25，41-47，2004 年]。
