Sioshansi Ramteen, Denholm Paul
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, MS301, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA.
Environ Sci Technol. 2009 Feb 15;43(4):1199-204. doi: 10.1021/es802324j.
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have been promoted as a potential technology to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants by using electricity instead of petroleum, and byimproving electric system efficiency by providing vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services. We use an electric power system model to explicitly evaluate the change in generator dispatches resulting from PHEV deployment in the Texas grid, and apply fixed and non-parametric estimates of generator emissions rates, to estimate the resulting changes in generation emissions. We find that by using the flexibility of when vehicles may be charged, generator efficiency can be increased substantially. By changing generator dispatch, a PHEVfleet of up to 15% of light-duty vehicles can actually decrease net generator NOx emissions during the ozone season, despite the additional charging load. By adding V2G services, such as spinning reserves and energy storage, CO2, SO2, and NOx emissions can be reduced even further.
插电式混合动力汽车（PHEV）被视为一种潜在技术，可通过使用电力而非石油，并通过提供车辆到电网（V2G）服务来提高电力系统效率，从而减少温室气体和其他污染物的排放。我们使用电力系统模型来明确评估德克萨斯电网中插电式混合动力汽车部署所导致的发电机调度变化，并应用发电机排放率的固定和非参数估计，来估算发电排放的相应变化。我们发现，通过利用车辆充电时间的灵活性，可以大幅提高发电机效率。通过改变发电机调度，即使存在额外的充电负荷，占轻型车辆总数15%的插电式混合动力汽车车队实际上也可以在臭氧季节减少发电机的氮氧化物净排放量。通过增加V2G服务，如旋转备用和储能，可以进一步减少二氧化碳、二氧化硫和氮氧化物的排放。
