Zheng Yuchi, Fu Jinzhong, Li Shuqiang
Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, PR China.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2009 Jul;52(1):70-83. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.03.026. Epub 2009 Apr 5.
Several anuran groups of Laurasian origin are each co-distributed in four isolated regions of the Northern Hemisphere: central/southern Europe and adjacent areas, Korean Peninsula and adjacent areas, Indo-Malaya, and southern North America. Similar distribution patterns have been observed in diverse animal and plant groups. Savage [Savage, J.M., 1973. The geographic distribution of frogs: patterns and predictions. In: Vial, J.L. (Ed.), Evolutionary Biology of the Anurans. University of Missouri Press, Columbia, pp. 351-445] hypothesized that the Miocene global cooling and increasing aridities in interiors of Eurasia and North America caused a southward displacement and range contraction of Laurasian frogs (and other groups). We use the frog genus Bombina to test Savage's biogeographical hypothesis. A phylogeny of Bombina is reconstructed based on three mitochondrial and two nuclear gene fragments. The genus is divided into three major clades: an Indo-Malaya clade includes B. fortinuptialis, B. lichuanensis, B. maxima, and B. microdeladigitora; a European clade includes B. bombina, B. pachypus, and B. variegata; and a Korean clade contains B. orientalis. The European and Korean clades form sister-group relationship. Molecular dating of the phylogenetic tree using the penalized likelihood and Bayesian analyses suggests that the divergence between the Indo-Malaya clade and other Bombina species occurred 5.9-28.6 million years ago. The split time between the European clade and the Korean clade is estimated at 5.1-20.9 million years ago. The divergence times of these clades are not significantly later than the timing of Miocene cooling and drying, and therefore can not reject Savage's hypothesis. Some other aspects of biogeography of Bombina also are discussed. The Korean Peninsula and the Shandong Peninsula might have supplied distinct southern refugia for B. orientalis during the Pleistocene glacial maxima. In the Indo-Malaya clade, the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau might have promoted the split between B. maxima and the other species.
欧洲中部/南部及邻近地区、朝鲜半岛及邻近地区、印度-马来亚地区和北美南部。在不同的动植物类群中也观察到了类似的分布模式。萨维奇[Savage, J.M., 1973. 蛙类的地理分布：模式与预测。见：Vial, J.L.（编），《无尾目的进化生物学》。密苏里大学出版社，哥伦比亚，第351 - 445页]推测，中新世全球变冷以及欧亚大陆和北美内陆干旱加剧导致了劳亚大陆蛙类（及其他类群）向南迁移和分布范围收缩。我们利用铃蟾属蛙类来检验萨维奇的生物地理学假说。基于三个线粒体基因片段和两个核基因片段重建了铃蟾属的系统发育树。该属分为三个主要分支：印度-马来亚分支包括强婚铃蟾、利川铃蟾、大蹼铃蟾和微蹼铃蟾；欧洲分支包括欧洲铃蟾、粗皮铃蟾和花背铃蟾；朝鲜分支包含东方铃蟾。欧洲分支和朝鲜分支形成姐妹群关系。使用惩罚似然法和贝叶斯分析对系统发育树进行分子定年表明，印度-马来亚分支与其他铃蟾物种之间的分歧发生在590万至2860万年前。欧洲分支和朝鲜分支的分化时间估计在510万至2090万年前。这些分支的分化时间并不明显晚于中新世变冷和变干的时间，因此不能否定萨维奇的假说。还讨论了铃蟾生物地理学的其他一些方面。在更新世冰期极盛期，朝鲜半岛和山东半岛可能为东方铃蟾提供了不同的南方避难所。在印度-马来亚分支中，青藏高原的隆升可能促进了大蹼铃蟾与其他物种之间的分化。
