Federspil P A
Univ.-Hals-Nasen-Ohrenklinik Heidelberg.
Laryngorhinootologie. 2009 May;88 Suppl 1:S125-38. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1119496. Epub 2009 Apr 7.
Epitheses, also known as craniofacial prostheses, are artificial substitutes for facial defects. The breakthrough for rehabilitation of facial defects with implant retained epitheses came with the development of the modern silicones and bone anchorage. After the discovery of the osseointegration of titanium in the 1960s, dental implants have been made of titanium. In 1977, the first extraoral titanium implant was inserted in a patient. Later, various solitary extraoral implant systems have been developed. Besides, grouped implant systems have been developed, which may be placed more reliably in areas with low bone offering, as in the nasal and orbital region, or the ideally pneumatised mastoid process. Today, even large facial epitheses may be securely retained. The classical atraumatic surgical technique has remained an unchanged prerequisite for successful implantation of any system. This review outlines the basic principles of osseointegration as well as the main features of extraoral implantology.
赝复体，也称为颅面假体，是面部缺损的人工替代物。随着现代硅酮和骨锚固技术的发展，采用种植体固位赝复体修复面部缺损取得了突破。20世纪60年代发现钛的骨结合现象后，牙科种植体一直由钛制成。1977年，首例口腔外钛种植体植入一名患者体内。后来，各种单独的口腔外种植系统相继研发出来。此外，还研发出了成组种植系统，这类系统可以更可靠地放置在骨量不足的区域，如鼻和眶区，或理想的气化乳突。如今，即使是大型面部赝复体也能牢固固位。经典的无创手术技术仍然是任何系统成功植入的不变前提。本综述概述了骨结合的基本原理以及口腔外种植学的主要特点。
