Effective population size and the rate and pattern of nucleotide substitutions.

Both the overall rate of nucleotide substitution and the relative proportions of synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions are predicted to vary between species that differ in effective population size (N(e)). Our understanding of the genetic processes underlying these lineage-specific differences in molecular evolution is still developing. Empirical analyses indicate that variation in substitution rates and patterns caused by differences in N(e) is often substantial, however, and must be accounted for in analyses of molecular evolution.