Hou Bob L, Hu Jiani
Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
Methods Mol Biol. 2009;520:297-314. doi: 10.1007/978-1-60327-811-9_21.
The purpose of this chapter is to provide an introduction to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of human brain tumors, including the primary applications and basic terminology involved. Readers who wish to know more about this broad subject should seek out the referenced books (1. Tofts (2003) Quantitative MRI of the brain. Measuring changes caused by disease. Wiley; Bradley and Stark (1999) 2. Magnetic resonance imaging, 3rd Edition. Mosby Inc; Brown and Semelka (2003) 3. MRI basic principles and applications, 3rd Edition. Wiley-Liss) or reviews (4. Top Magn Reson Imaging 17:127-36, 2006; 5. JMRI 24:709-724, 2006; 6. Am J Neuroradiol 27:1404-1411, 2006).MRI is the most popular means of diagnosing human brain tumors. The inherent difference in the magnetic resonance (MR) properties of water between normal tissues and tumors results in contrast differences on the image that provide the basis for distinguishing tumors from normal tissues. In contrast to MRI, which provides spatial maps or images using water signals of the tissues, proton MRS detects signals of tissue metabolites. MRS can complement MRI because the observed MRS peaks can be linked to inherent differences in biochemical profiles between normal tissues and tumors.The goal of MRI and MRS is to characterize brain tumors, including tumor core, edge, edema, volume, types, and grade. The commonly used brain tumor MRI protocol includes T2-weighted images and T1-weighted images taken both before and after the injection of a contrast agent (typically gadolinium: Gd). The commonly used MRS technique is either point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) or stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM).
本章旨在介绍人脑肿瘤的磁共振成像（MRI）和磁共振波谱（MRS），包括其主要应用及相关基本术语。希望深入了解这一广泛主题的读者，可查阅参考文献书籍（1. 托夫茨（2003年）《脑的定量MRI：测量疾病引起的变化》，威利出版社；布拉德利和斯塔克（1999年）2. 《磁共振成像》第3版，莫斯比公司；布朗和塞梅尔卡（2003年）3. 《MRI基本原理与应用》第3版，威利 - 利斯出版社）或综述文章（4. 《顶级磁共振成像》17:127 - 36, 2006年；5. 《磁共振成像杂志》24:709 - 724, 2006年；6. 《美国神经放射学杂志》27:1404 - 1411, 2006年）。MRI是诊断人脑肿瘤最常用的方法。正常组织与肿瘤之间水的磁共振（MR）特性存在固有差异，这导致图像上出现对比度差异，为区分肿瘤与正常组织提供了基础。与利用组织水信号提供空间图谱或图像的MRI不同，质子MRS检测组织代谢物的信号。MRS可作为MRI的补充，因为观察到的MRS峰可与正常组织和肿瘤之间生化特征的固有差异相关联。MRI和MRS的目标是对脑肿瘤进行特征描述，包括肿瘤核心、边缘、水肿、体积、类型和分级。常用的脑肿瘤MRI检查方案包括注射造影剂（通常为钆：Gd）前后拍摄的T2加权图像和T1加权图像。常用的MRS技术是点分辨波谱法（PRESS）或激励回波采集模式（STEAM）。
