Greenwood D D
School of Audiology and Speech Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
Hear Res. 1991 Aug;54(2):209-46. doi: 10.1016/0378-5955(91)90118-s.
A recent paper (Greenwood, 1990) reviewed cochlear coordinates in several species in relation to empirical frequency-position functions (Greenwood, 1961b, 1974b), one of which well fits the Békésy-Skarstein human cochlear map (Békésy, 1960; Kringlebotn et al, 1979). This increased the independence of the human function from the psychoacoustic data originally used to construct it and encouraged a second assessment of the relations of similar psychoacoustically significant bandwidths to distance and position on the cochlear map. The companion paper (Greenwood, 1991, this issue), found that, among such bandwidths, 'classical' critical bandwidth, and also 'constant interval', estimates in man correspond to equal distances to a closer extent than generally recognized, and over large parts of the frequency range they conform also to an exponential function of distance, as do most of the ERB estimates. This correspondence to almost constant and similar distances facilitates, and forms a part of, an explanation of the operational definitions of critical bandwidth in different experiments. The present account recapitulates the basic explanation of critical bandwidth and consonance offered in Greenwood (1971, 1972b, 1973b, 1974b) and Greenwood et al. (1976): by adding schematic details to the earlier account of critical bandwidth measurements in pure tone masking (the masker-notch interval), two-tone masking, narrow-band masking, and two-tone dissonance-consonance judgements and by outlining its applicability to AM and Quasi-FM detection and to two-band (nominally notched-noise) masking experiments. The measured bandwidths derive from approximately uniform dimensions of traveling wave envelopes in the peak region and from the effects of the resulting spatial pattern of nonlinear interference among primary components. In this account, critical bandwidth in man corresponds to a distance of about 1 or 1.25 mm, depending upon the direction the interval projects from the stimulus frequency to which it is referenced. It is identified with the apical segment of the traveling wave displacement envelope, which in guinea pig and squirrel monkey appears to be about 2/3rds and 3/4ths of a millimeter, respectively and would be about 1.25 mm in man if these distances were scaled (Greenwood, 1962) among these three species (Greenwood, 1974b, 1977a). When reflected also in the basal direction, the upper end of the frequency interval, at a 1.065 mm distance, makes a total two-critical-band distance, which corresponds with the region of nonlinear input-output functions that extends in both directions from the envelope peak and hence also with the frequency-dispersive region of accelerated phase accumulation (Greenwood, 1974b, 1977a).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
最近的一篇论文（格林伍德，1990年）回顾了几种物种的耳蜗坐标与经验频率-位置函数（格林伍德，1961b，1974b）的关系，其中一个函数很好地拟合了贝凯西-斯卡尔斯泰因的人类耳蜗图谱（贝凯西，1960年；克林格博特恩等人，1979年）。这增加了人类函数相对于最初用于构建它的心理声学数据的独立性，并促使对类似的具有心理声学意义的带宽与耳蜗图谱上的距离和位置之间的关系进行第二次评估。配套论文（格林伍德，1991年，本期）发现，在这些带宽中，人类的“经典”临界带宽以及“恒定间隔”估计在更大程度上对应于相等的距离，这一点比一般认识到的要高，并且在频率范围的大部分区域，它们也符合距离的指数函数，大多数等效矩形带宽（ERB）估计也是如此。这种与几乎恒定且相似距离的对应关系促进了对不同实验中临界带宽操作定义的解释，并构成了该解释的一部分。本文概述了格林伍德（1971年、1972b、1973b、1974b）以及格林伍德等人（1976年）对临界带宽和协和音的基本解释：通过在早期关于纯音掩蔽（掩蔽器陷波间隔）、双音掩蔽、窄带掩蔽以及双音不协和-协和判断的临界带宽测量描述中添加示意性细节，并概述其在调幅（AM）和准调频（Quasi-FM）检测以及双带（名义上为陷波噪声）掩蔽实验中的适用性。所测量的带宽源自峰值区域中行波包络的近似均匀尺寸以及初级成分之间非线性干涉所产生的空间模式的影响。在这个解释中，人类的临界带宽对应于大约1或1.25毫米的距离，这取决于该间隔从所参考的刺激频率投影的方向。它与行波位移包络的顶端部分相关，在豚鼠和松鼠猴中，该顶端部分分别约为2/3毫米和3/4毫米，如果在这三个物种之间按比例缩放这些距离（格林伍德，1962年），那么在人类中大约为1.25毫米（格林伍德，1974b，1977a）。当也向基底方向反射时，频率间隔的上端，在距离为1.065毫米处，形成一个总为两个临界带的距离，这与从包络峰值向两个方向延伸的非线性输入-输出函数区域相对应，因此也与加速相位积累的频率色散区域相对应（格林伍德，1974b，1977a）。（摘要截取自400字）
