Department of Ecosozology and Physiotactics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2010 Jan;17(1):187-94. doi: 10.1007/s11356-009-0136-2. Epub 2009 May 6.
BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: The aim of this work was to determine phytotoxicity of washing waste-waters from a cutlery production line with high content of Cr and Ni. These waters were previously classified, without verification, as dangerous and it is now necessary to question the justice of the present classification under the new legislation for waste management (Waste Law No. 223/2001) in the Slovak Republic.
Young seedling of the dicotyledon terrestrial plant mustard Sinapis alba L. were used for determination of the dry and fresh root and shoot biomass and photosynthetic pigment production. Observed parameters were evaluated in laboratory experiments with three types of washing waste-waters from a cutlery production line. All contamination of tested washing waste-waters came from heavy metals (Ni, Cr), non-polar extractable compounds (NEC; residues of oils and waxes from polishing of stainless steel cutlery) and detergents (used for cutlery degreasing). Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, and total carotenoids) were extracted in 96% ethanol and measured spectrophotometrically at 665, 649, and 470 nm. All phytotoxicity tests were carried out in triplicate, and they included a control in tap water.
All tested washing waters reduced root dry mass, whereas the shoot dry mass was either unaffected or it increased. The tested washing waters' effect was stronger on fresh mass production than on dry mass production. This indicated problems in water reception and translocation. The adverse effect on photosynthetic pigments production increased only slowly with remaining washing waste-water concentration. Almost all Chl a/b ratios were the same as for the control and this indicated no significant differences in the reduction of either a or b chlorophylls. As opposed to chlorophylls, carotenoids content increased in the presence of tested washing waste-waters and equaled or exceeded their content in the control. As the ratio of Chl(a + b)/Car was lower than that for the control for almost all tested samples, a stronger reduction in chlorophylls than in carotenoids was confirmed.
The phytotoxicity of waste-waters from cutlery production line washing reservoirs was evaluated and the effects on dry and fresh mass production and photosynthetic pigments amount was discussed as Cr and Ni toxicity.
It is concluded from the present study that washing waste-waters from cutlery production line are quite toxic to plants, thus reducing biomass and photosynthetic pigment production and influencing water translocation through the plant.
These determined adverse effects of washing waste-waters from this cutlery production line classified them as too dangerous to be spread on open-land soil. On the basis of this study, high toxicity of the presented waste-waters from metal surface-finishing as well as justness of their liquidation as hazardous wastes by legally assigned persons were recommended.
背景、目的和范围：本工作旨在确定具有高含量 Cr 和 Ni 的餐具生产线洗涤废水中的植物毒性。这些水以前未经证实就被归类为危险废物，现在根据斯洛伐克共和国新的废物管理法规（废物法 223/2001 号），有必要质疑目前分类的合理性。
用双子叶陆生植物芥菜的幼苗测定干鲜根和茎叶生物量及光合色素产量。在实验室实验中，用来自餐具生产线的三种洗涤废水评价观察到的参数。所有测试洗涤废水的污染均来自重金属（Ni、Cr）、非极性可提取化合物（NEC；不锈钢餐具抛光用油脂和蜡的残留物）和洗涤剂（用于餐具脱脂）。在 96%乙醇中提取光合色素（叶绿素 a、b 和总类胡萝卜素），并在 665、649 和 470nm 处分光光度法测定。所有的植物毒性试验均重复进行三次，包括自来水对照。
所有测试的洗涤水均降低了根的干重，而茎的干重则不受影响或增加。测试洗涤水对鲜重的影响大于对干重的影响。这表明在水的接收和转运方面存在问题。随着剩余洗涤废水浓度的增加，对光合色素产生的不利影响仅缓慢增加。几乎所有的 Chl a/b 比值与对照相同，这表明叶绿素 a 或 b 的减少没有显著差异。与叶绿素不同，类胡萝卜素的含量在测试洗涤废水的存在下增加，并且与对照中的含量相等或超过对照中的含量。由于几乎所有测试样品的 Chl(a + b)/Car 比值均低于对照，因此证实了叶绿素的减少强于类胡萝卜素的减少。
评估了餐具生产线洗涤池废水的植物毒性，并讨论了 Cr 和 Ni 毒性对干鲜重生产和光合色素含量的影响。
本研究表明，餐具生产线的洗涤废水对植物具有相当毒性，从而降低生物量和光合色素的产生，并影响植物体内水分的转运。
根据本研究，该餐具生产线的洗涤废水具有很高的毒性，不适合在露天土地上排放。基于这项研究，建议对来自金属表面处理的这种废水的高毒性以及将其作为危险废物由法定人员合法处置的合理性进行分类。
