Patek S N, Shipp L E, Staaterman E R
Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140, USA.
J Acoust Soc Am. 2009 May;125(5):3434-43. doi: 10.1121/1.3097760.
Numerous animals produce sounds during interactions with potential predators, yet little is known about the acoustics of these sounds, especially in marine environments. California spiny lobsters (Panulirus interruptus) produce pulsatile rasps when interacting with potential predators. They generate sound using frictional structures located at the base of each antenna. This study probes three issues--the effect of body size on signal features, behavioral modification of sound features, and the influence of the ambient environment on the signal. Body size and file length were positively correlated, and larger animals produced lower pulse rate rasps. Ambient noise levels (149.3 dB re 1 microPa) acoustically obscured many rasps (150.4+/-2.0 dB re 1 microPa) at distances from 0.9-1.4 m. Significantly higher numbers of pulses, pulse rate, and rasp duration were produced in rasps generated with two antennae compared to rasps produced with only one antenna. Strong periodic resonances were measured in tank-recorded rasps, whereas field-recorded rasps had little frequency structure. Spiny lobster rasps exhibit flexibility in acoustic signal features, but their propagation is constrained, perhaps beneficially, by the noisy marine environment. Examining the connections between behavior, environment, and acoustics is critical for understanding this fundamental type of animal communication.
许多动物在与潜在捕食者互动时会发出声音，但对于这些声音的声学特征却知之甚少，尤其是在海洋环境中。加利福尼亚刺龙虾（Panulirus interruptus）在与潜在捕食者互动时会发出脉动锉磨声。它们利用位于每根触角基部的摩擦结构来产生声音。本研究探讨了三个问题——体型对信号特征的影响、声音特征的行为改变以及周围环境对信号的影响。体型与锉磨器长度呈正相关，体型较大的动物发出的锉磨声脉冲率较低。在距离0.9 - 1.4米处，环境噪声水平（149.3分贝，参考1微帕）在声学上掩盖了许多锉磨声（150.4 ± 2.0分贝，参考1微帕）。与仅用一根触角发出的锉磨声相比，用两根触角发出的锉磨声产生的脉冲数量、脉冲率和锉磨持续时间明显更多。在水箱记录的锉磨声中测量到强烈的周期性共振，而野外记录的锉磨声频率结构很少。刺龙虾的锉磨声在声学信号特征上表现出灵活性，但其传播可能受到嘈杂海洋环境的限制，不过这或许也有好处。研究行为、环境和声学之间的联系对于理解这种基本的动物交流类型至关重要。
