Akcan Ramazan, Hilal Ahmet, Daglioglu Nebile, Cekin Necmi, Gulmen Mete K
Sirnak Branch of the Council of Forensic Medicine, Sirnak Adli Tip Sb. Md., Sirnak Adliye Sarayi, 73000 Sirnak, Turkey.
Forensic Sci Int. 2009 Aug 10;189(1-3):82-7. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.04.017. Epub 2009 May 17.
Forensic toxicological analyses have traditionally focused on the use of blood, body fluids, and certain organs in examinations of deaths due to intoxication. However, in some situations, putrefaction and contamination make proper sampling from tissues impossible, such as in exhumation cases. In these cases, bone marrow might be useful as an alternative specimen since it is a potential depot for drugs. This study aims to determine pesticides in postmortem and putrefied bone marrow of pesticide treated rabbits, so as to reveal the diagnostic value of toxicological analysis of bone marrow in exhumation cases. Out of thirteen rabbits, a 110 mg/kg dose of endosulfan was orally given to six through a gavage tool, and a 2500 mg/kg dose of diazinon was given to six using the same method. One rabbit was not treated with anything and served as a control sample. Venous blood, liver, lung, kidney, brain, and bone marrow samples were collected just after spontaneous death or cervical dislocation. After this, the rabbits were buried in soil. All of them were exhumed 1 month later, and putrefied viscera and bone marrow were sampled. Blood and tissue samples underwent solvent extraction and solid phase extraction, and then the samples were analyzed by GC-MS. Mean residue levels of diazinon in early postmortem samples were 85 mg/kg, 71 mg/kg, 23 mg/kg, 21 mg/kg, 19 mg/kg, and 0.4 mg/l in the liver, bone marrow, kidney, lung, brain, and blood, respectively. Mean residue levels of diazinon in the putrefied body were 3327 mg/kg in putrefied viscera and 1783 mg/kg in the bone marrow. Mean residue levels of endosulfan isomers and metabolites in early postmortem samples (blood, liver, lung, kidney, brain, and bone marrow) were 0.46 mg/kg (endosulfan sulfate), 0.32 mg/kg (alpha and beta isomers of endosulfan), and 0.14 mg/kg (endosulfan ether) while the same levels were 0.26 mg/kg (endosulfan sulfate), 0.24 mg/kg (alpha and beta isomers of endosulfan), and 0.1 mg/kg (endosulfan ether) in putrefied samples (putrefied bone marrow and putrefied viscera). Based on these experimental results, it can be concluded that cause of death can be determined as acute pesticide poisoning by toxicological analysis of samples from bone marrow and putrefied viscera in exhumation cases.
法医毒理学分析传统上侧重于在中毒死亡检查中使用血液、体液和某些器官。然而，在某些情况下，腐败和污染使得无法从组织中进行适当采样，例如在挖掘尸体的案件中。在这些情况下，骨髓可能是一种有用的替代样本，因为它是药物的潜在储存库。本研究旨在测定农药处理过的兔子死后及腐败骨髓中的农药，以揭示挖掘尸体案件中骨髓毒理学分析的诊断价值。在13只兔子中，通过灌胃工具给6只兔子口服110mg/kg剂量的硫丹，用同样的方法给6只兔子给予2500mg/kg剂量的二嗪农。1只兔子未接受任何处理，作为对照样本。在兔子自然死亡或颈椎脱臼后立即采集静脉血、肝脏、肺、肾脏、大脑和骨髓样本。此后，将兔子埋入土壤中。1个月后将它们全部挖掘出来，采集腐败的内脏和骨髓样本。血液和组织样本经过溶剂萃取和固相萃取，然后通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪进行分析。死后早期样本中二嗪农的平均残留水平在肝脏、骨髓、肾脏、肺、大脑和血液中分别为85mg/kg、71mg/kg、23mg/kg、21mg/kg、19mg/kg和0.4mg/L。腐败尸体中二嗪农的平均残留水平在腐败内脏中为3327mg/kg，在骨髓中为1783mg/kg。死后早期样本（血液、肝脏、肺、肾脏、大脑和骨髓）中硫丹异构体和代谢物的平均残留水平分别为0.46mg/kg（硫丹硫酸酯）、0.32mg/kg（硫丹的α和β异构体）和0.14mg/kg（硫丹醚），而在腐败样本（腐败骨髓和腐败内脏）中这些水平分别为0.26mg/kg（硫丹硫酸酯）、0.24mg/kg（硫丹的α和β异构体）和0.1mg/kg（硫丹醚）。基于这些实验结果，可以得出结论，在挖掘尸体案件中，通过对骨髓和腐败内脏样本进行毒理学分析，可以确定死亡原因是急性农药中毒。
