Professional and ethical considerations in the use of high-tech pain management.

Pain management, a primary focus of the oncology nurse, is undergoing a technologic boom. Assessment of high-tech treatments in medicine is an underdeveloped and controversial area. This paper is intended to promote critical thinking about methods of high-tech pain relief such as subcutaneous, IV, and intraspinal analgesia and anesthesia delivered by ambulatory, implanted, or patient-controlled devices. These issues are described within an ethical framework that focuses on the principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Application of these principles to the clinical practice setting and recommendations for practice conclude this paper.