Hess Sonja Y, King Janet C
Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
Food Nutr Bull. 2009 Mar;30(1 Suppl):S60-78. doi: 10.1177/15648265090301S105.
Observational studies in human populations suggest that maternal zinc deficiency during pregnancy may cause adverse pregnancy outcomes for the mother and fetus. Therefore, we reviewed the current evidence from studies of zinc supplementation, with or without other micronutrients, during pregnancy and lactation to assess its impact on maternal, fetal, and infant health. A meta-analysis of supplementation trials indicates a 14% reduction in premature delivery among zinc-supplemented women. Most studies found no significant impact of maternal zinc supplementation on infant birthweight, but a subset of studies conducted in underweight or zinc-deficient women suggests that there may be a positive effect of zinc supplementation in such women. However, the number of relevant studies is limited, and more information is needed to confirm these observations. The results for other pregnancy outcomes are inconsistent, and the number of available studies is small. Likewise, the impact of maternal zinc supplementation during pregnancy on infant postnatal growth and risk of infection is variable, and few studies are available. Thus, more research will be needed to allow definitive conclusions to be drawn, especially for the second half of infancy and later childhood. Studies found no adverse effects of maternal zinc supplementation on iron status during pregnancy. More information is required on other potential adverse effects, particularly with regard to a possible modifying effect of preexisting maternal zinc status. In view of the possible benefits of zinc supplementation for reducing the risk of premature delivery, the possible positive impact of zinc supplementation on infant birthweight among undernourished women, and the lack of reported adverse effects, zinc should be included in maternal supplements given during pregnancy in populations at risk for zinc deficiency.
针对人群的观察性研究表明，孕期母亲锌缺乏可能会给母亲和胎儿带来不良妊娠结局。因此，我们回顾了目前关于孕期和哺乳期补充锌（无论是否添加其他微量营养素）的研究证据，以评估其对母亲、胎儿和婴儿健康的影响。对补充试验的荟萃分析表明，补充锌的女性早产率降低了14%。大多数研究发现，母亲补充锌对婴儿出生体重没有显著影响，但在体重过轻或缺锌女性中进行的一部分研究表明，补充锌可能对这类女性有积极作用。然而，相关研究数量有限，需要更多信息来证实这些观察结果。关于其他妊娠结局的结果并不一致，且现有研究数量较少。同样，孕期母亲补充锌对婴儿出生后生长和感染风险的影响也各不相同，相关研究很少。因此，需要更多研究才能得出明确结论，尤其是针对婴儿期后半段和儿童期后期的情况。研究发现，母亲补充锌对孕期铁状况没有不良影响。关于其他潜在不良影响，特别是关于母亲孕前锌状况可能产生的调节作用，还需要更多信息。鉴于补充锌在降低早产风险方面可能带来的益处、对营养不良女性婴儿出生体重可能产生的积极影响以及未报告有不良影响，对于有锌缺乏风险的人群，孕期母亲补充剂中应包含锌。
