Young Marcus L, Schnepp Suzanne, Casadio Francesca, Lins Andrew, Meighan Melissa, Lambert Joseph B, Dunand David C
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2009 Sep;395(1):171-84. doi: 10.1007/s00216-009-2938-y. Epub 2009 Jul 23.
Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was used to determine the bulk metal elemental composition of 62 modern bronze sculptures cast in Paris in the first half of the twentieth century from the collections of The Art Institute of Chicago and the Philadelphia Museum of Art. As a result, a comprehensive survey of the alloy composition of the sculptures of many prominent European artists of the early twentieth century is presented here for the first time. The sculptures in this study consist of predominantly copper with two main alloying elements (zinc and tin). By plotting the concentrations of these two elements (zinc and tin) against each other for all the sculptures studied, three clusters of data become apparent: (A) high-zinc brass; (B) low-zinc brass; (C) tin bronze. These clusters correlate to specific foundries, which used specific casting methods (sand or lost wax) that were influenced by individual preferences and technical skills of the foundry masters. For instance, the high-zinc brass alloys (with the highest levels of tin and zinc and the lowest melting temperature) correspond to most of the Picasso sculptures, correlate with the Valsuani foundry, and are associated with the most recent sculptures (post-WWII) and with the lost-wax casting method. By expanding the ICP-OES database of objects studied, these material correlations may become useful for identifying, dating, or possibly even authenticating other bronzes that do not bear foundry marks. Figure.
电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP - OES）被用于测定来自芝加哥艺术学院和费城艺术博物馆收藏的、20世纪上半叶在巴黎铸造的62件现代青铜雕塑的整体金属元素组成。结果，本文首次对20世纪早期许多杰出欧洲艺术家雕塑作品的合金成分进行了全面调查。本研究中的雕塑主要由铜以及两种主要合金元素（锌和锡）组成。通过将所有研究雕塑中这两种元素（锌和锡）的浓度相互绘制图表，明显出现了三组数据：（A）高锌黄铜；（B）低锌黄铜；（C）锡青铜。这些组群与特定的铸造厂相关，这些铸造厂采用了受铸造大师个人偏好和技术技能影响的特定铸造方法（砂铸或失蜡铸造）。例如，高锌黄铜合金（锡和锌含量最高且熔点最低）对应了大部分毕加索的雕塑作品，与瓦尔苏阿尼铸造厂相关，并且与最新的雕塑作品（二战后）以及失蜡铸造方法有关。通过扩展所研究对象的ICP - OES数据库，这些材料关联可能有助于识别、确定其他无铸造标记青铜器的年代，甚至可能用于鉴定其真伪。图。
