Oyserman Daphna, Sorensen Nicholas, Reber Rolf, Chen Sylvia Xiaohua
School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2009 Aug;97(2):217-35. doi: 10.1037/a0015850.
People perceive meaningful wholes and later separate out constituent parts (D. Navon, 1977). Yet there are cross-national differences in whether a focal target or integrated whole is first perceived. Rather than construe these differences as fixed, the proposed culture-as-situated-cognition model explains these differences as due to whether a collective or individual mind-set is cued at the moment of observation. Eight studies demonstrated that when cultural mind-set and task demands are congruent, easier tasks are accomplished more quickly and more difficult or time-constrained tasks are accomplished more accurately (
STUDY 1: Koreans, Korean Americans; STUDY 2: Hong Kong Chinese; STUDY 3: European- and Asian-heritage Americans; STUDY 4: Americans;
5 Hong Kong Chinese; STUDY 6: Americans; STUDY 7: Norwegians; STUDY 8: African-, European-, and Asian-heritage Americans). Meta-analyses (d = .34) demonstrated homogeneous effects across geographic place (East-West), racial-ethnic group, task, and sensory mode-differences are cued in the moment. Contrast and separation are salient individual mind-set procedures, resulting in focus on a single target or main point. Assimilation and connection are salient collective mind-set procedures, resulting in focus on multiplicity and integration.
人们会先感知有意义的整体，之后再区分出组成部分（D. 纳冯，1977年）。然而，对于首先感知的是焦点目标还是整合整体，存在跨国差异。所提出的文化即情境认知模型并非将这些差异解释为固定不变的，而是认为这些差异是由于在观察时刻引发的是集体思维模式还是个体思维模式。八项研究表明，当文化思维模式与任务要求一致时，较简单的任务能更快完成，而较难或有时间限制的任务能更准确地完成（研究1：韩国人、韩裔美国人；研究2：中国香港人；研究3：具有欧洲和亚洲血统的美国人；研究4：美国人；研究5：中国香港人；研究6：美国人；研究7：挪威人；研究8：具有非洲、欧洲和亚洲血统的美国人）。元分析（d = 0.34）表明，在地理区域（东西方）、种族群体、任务和感官模式方面存在同质化效应——差异在瞬间被引发。对比和分离是突出的个体思维模式程序，导致关注单个目标或要点。同化和联系是突出的集体思维模式程序，导致关注多样性和整合。
