Bang Jytte
Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, 1353, København K., Denmark.
Integr Psychol Behav Sci. 2009 Dec;43(4):374-92. doi: 10.1007/s12124-009-9101-3.
In the paper I argue that the great impact of empiricism on psychology and the enclosed dualist agenda traps psychological phenomena into subjectivism. By discussing the phenomena of nothingness in biological and cultural life it is argued that meaning must be considered as a phenomenon that represents both a fit and a misfit of the individual with the environment. By stressing the overall presence of nothingness phenomena it is argued how the reduced ontology of empiricism--and its blindness to relations and transformations out of which meaning grows--should be overcome. In human cultural life, transformations are constitutive and ongoing changes are being produced to make sure that continuity as well as discontinuity will happen. The analysis of especially one case--the removal of an Amish school after a shooting episode--serves to prove how meaning grows out of cultural processes as people produce their own conditions of life. From a cultural-ecological point of view, analyzing meaning at the level of individual phenomenology, hence, means analyzing the 'total psychological situation' (legacy of Kurt Lewin). This may for instance include analyzing how people live, what they consider important and worth preserving, what must be changed, what are their core values and how do institutional arrangements contribute to keeping up that which is valued or to changing that which is not, etc. Meaning may be viewed the lived-out experience-the domain of self-generativity in human life.
在本文中，我认为经验主义对心理学产生了巨大影响，其内在的二元论议程将心理现象困在了主观主义之中。通过讨论生物和文化生活中的虚无现象，本文认为意义必须被视为一种既体现个体与环境相契合又体现不契合的现象。通过强调虚无现象的普遍存在，本文论证了应如何克服经验主义简化的本体论——以及它对意义从中产生的关系和转变的盲目性。在人类文化生活中，转变具有构成性，持续的变化不断产生，以确保连续性和非连续性都会发生。对一个案例的分析——特别是在一次枪击事件后一所阿米什学校的搬迁——证明了意义是如何在人们创造自己生活条件的文化过程中产生的。因此，从文化生态学的角度，在个体现象学层面分析意义，意味着分析“整体心理情境”（库尔特·勒温的遗产）。这可能包括分析人们如何生活、他们认为什么重要且值得保留、什么必须改变、他们的核心价值观是什么，以及制度安排如何有助于维持被重视的东西或改变不被重视的东西等等。意义可以被视为一种实际体验——人类生活中自我生成的领域。
