Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802-2601, USA.
J Youth Adolesc. 2009 Apr;38(4):500-18. doi: 10.1007/s10964-009-9394-z. Epub 2009 Jan 21.
The role of prejudice and ethnic awareness in the civic commitments and beliefs about the American social contract of 1,096 (53% female) adolescents (11-18 year olds, Mean = 15) from African-, Arab-, Latino-, and European-American backgrounds were compared. Ethnic awareness was higher among minority youth and discrimination more often reported by African- and Arab-Americans. Parental admonitions against discrimination were heard by all but African Americans, Latinos and those who reported prejudice heard that it could pose a barrier. Adolescents' beliefs that America is an equal opportunity society were negatively associated with experiences of discrimination and African-Americans were least likely to believe that the government was responsive to the average person. With respect to civic goals, all youth endorsed patriotism but ethnic minorities and ethnically aware youth were more committed to advocating for their ethnic group and European-Americans were less committed than were African Americans to improving race relations.
1096 名（53%为女性）青少年（年龄在 11-18 岁之间，平均年龄为 15 岁）的研究结果表明，来自非裔美国人、阿拉伯裔美国人、拉丁裔美国人和欧洲裔美国人背景的青少年在公民承诺和对美国社会契约的信仰方面存在差异。少数族裔青少年的种族意识更强，而非裔美国人和阿拉伯裔美国人报告的歧视现象更为常见。父母告诫子女不要歧视，但非裔美国人、拉丁裔人和那些报告存在偏见的人都听说过偏见可能会造成障碍。青少年认为美国是一个机会均等的社会，这与他们经历的歧视呈负相关，而非洲裔美国人最不可能相信政府会对普通人做出回应。在公民目标方面，所有青少年都支持爱国主义，但少数民族和有民族意识的青少年更致力于为自己的族群发声，而欧洲裔美国人改善种族关系的意愿则低于非洲裔美国人。
