Fry Bryan G, Roelants Kim, Champagne Donald E, Scheib Holger, Tyndall Joel D A, King Glenn F, Nevalainen Timo J, Norman Janette A, Lewis Richard J, Norton Raymond S, Renjifo Camila, de la Vega Ricardo C Rodríguez
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010 Australia.
Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2009;10:483-511. doi: 10.1146/annurev.genom.9.081307.164356.
Throughout evolution, numerous proteins have been convergently recruited into the venoms of various animals, including centipedes, cephalopods, cone snails, fish, insects (several independent venom systems), platypus, scorpions, shrews, spiders, toxicoferan reptiles (lizards and snakes), and sea anemones. The protein scaffolds utilized convergently have included AVIT/colipase/prokineticin, CAP, chitinase, cystatin, defensins, hyaluronidase, Kunitz, lectin, lipocalin, natriuretic peptide, peptidase S1, phospholipase A(2), sphingomyelinase D, and SPRY. Many of these same venom protein types have also been convergently recruited for use in the hematophagous gland secretions of invertebrates (e.g., fleas, leeches, kissing bugs, mosquitoes, and ticks) and vertebrates (e.g., vampire bats). Here, we discuss a number of overarching structural, functional, and evolutionary generalities of the protein families from which these toxins have been frequently recruited and propose a revised and expanded working definition for venom. Given the large number of striking similarities between the protein compositions of conventional venoms and hematophagous secretions, we argue that the latter should also fall under the same definition.
在整个进化过程中，许多蛋白质被趋同地纳入各种动物的毒液中，这些动物包括蜈蚣、头足类动物、芋螺、鱼类、昆虫（多个独立的毒液系统）、鸭嘴兽、蝎子、鼩鼱、蜘蛛、有毒类有鳞目爬行动物（蜥蜴和蛇）以及海葵。趋同利用的蛋白质支架包括AVIT/胰脂肪酶原激活肽/前动力蛋白、CAP、几丁质酶、胱抑素、防御素、透明质酸酶、库尼茨型蛋白酶抑制剂、凝集素、脂钙蛋白、利钠肽、肽酶S1、磷脂酶A(2)、鞘磷脂酶D和SPRY结构域蛋白。许多相同类型的毒液蛋白也被趋同地用于无脊椎动物（如跳蚤、水蛭、锥蝽、蚊子和蜱虫）和脊椎动物（如吸血蝙蝠）的吸血腺分泌物中。在此，我们讨论了这些毒素经常从中招募的一些蛋白质家族的总体结构、功能和进化共性，并提出了一个经过修订和扩展的毒液工作定义。鉴于传统毒液和吸血分泌物的蛋白质组成之间存在大量显著的相似性，我们认为后者也应属于同一定义范畴。
