Maiden Nicholas
Discipline of Pathology, Level 3 Medical School North Building, The University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2009;5(3):204-9. doi: 10.1007/s12024-009-9096-6. Epub 2009 Jul 31.
The location of an entrance wound (bullet placement) and the projectile path are the most important factors in causing significant injury or death following a shooting. The head followed by the torso are the most vulnerable areas, with incapacitation resulting from central nervous system (brain or cord) disruption, or massive organ destruction with hemorrhage. Tissue and organ trauma result from the permanent wound cavity caused by direct destruction by the bullet, and also from radial stretching of surrounding tissues causing a temporary wound cavity. The extent of tissue damage is influenced by the type of bullet, its velocity and mass, as well as the physical characteristics of the tissues. The latter includes resistance to strain, physical dimensions of an organ, and the presence or absence of surrounding anatomical constraints. Bullet shape and construction will also affect tissue damage and bullets which display greater yaw will be associated with increased temporary cavitation. Military bullet designs do not include bullets that will expand or flatten as these cause greater wound trauma and are regulated by convention.
枪击后，入口创口的位置（子弹射入位置）和弹道是导致严重损伤或死亡的最重要因素。头部其次是躯干是最脆弱的部位，因中枢神经系统（脑或脊髓）破坏或大量器官毁损伴出血而导致失能。组织和器官创伤既源于子弹直接破坏造成的永久性创腔，也源于周围组织的径向拉伸导致的暂时性创腔。组织损伤的程度受子弹类型、速度和质量以及组织的物理特性影响。后者包括抗应变能力、器官的物理尺寸以及周围解剖结构限制的有无。子弹形状和构造也会影响组织损伤，偏航度更大的子弹会导致更大的暂时性空化。军事用子弹设计不包括会膨胀或变平的子弹，因为这些会造成更大的创伤，并且受到公约的管制。
