Malouff John, Thorsteinsson Einar, Schutte Nicola, Rooke Sally Erin
School of Behavioural, Cognitive and Social Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia.
J Gen Psychol. 2009 Jul;136(3):271-85. doi: 10.3200/GENP.136.3.271-286.
Vicarious punishment involves observing a model exhibit a behavior that leads to punishment for the model. If observers then exhibit the behavior at a lower rate than do individuals in a control group, vicarious punishment occurred. The authors report the results of a meta-analysis of studies that tested for vicarious-punishment effects. Across 21 research samples and 876 participants, the viewing of a model experiencing punishment for a behavior led to a significantly lower level of the behavior by the observers, d = 0.58. Vicarious punishment occurred consistently with (a) live and filmed models, (b) severe and nonsevere punishment for the model, (c) positive punishment alone or positive plus negative punishment, (d) various types of behavior, (e) adults and children, and (f) male and female participants. The findings have implications for the use of models in reducing undesirable behavior.
替代性惩罚涉及观察一个榜样表现出一种行为并因此受到惩罚。如果观察者随后表现出该行为的频率低于对照组个体，那么就发生了替代性惩罚。作者报告了一项对检验替代性惩罚效应的研究进行的元分析结果。在21个研究样本和876名参与者中，观察榜样因某种行为而受到惩罚导致观察者表现出该行为的水平显著降低，d值为0.58。替代性惩罚在以下情况中始终会出现：(a) 真实榜样和视频榜样；(b) 对榜样的严厉惩罚和非严厉惩罚；(c) 单独的正惩罚或正惩罚加负惩罚；(d) 各种类型的行为；(e) 成人和儿童；(f) 男性和女性参与者。这些发现对于使用榜样来减少不良行为具有启示意义。
