Sinclair Helen A H, Hamill Conal
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AB, UK.
Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2007 Sep;11(4):348-56. doi: 10.1016/j.ejon.2007.02.007. Epub 2007 May 7.
It is widely documented that nurses experience work-related stress [Quine, L., 1998. Effects of stress in an NHS trust: a study. Nursing Standard 13 (3), 36-41; Charnley, E., 1999. Occupational stress in the newly qualified staff nurse. Nursing Standard 13 (29), 32-37; McGrath, A., Reid, N., Boore, J., 2003. Occupational stress in nursing. International Journal of Nursing Studies 40, 555-565; McVicar, A., 2003. Workplace stress in nursing: a literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing 44 (6), 633-642; Bruneau, B., Ellison, G., 2004. Palliative care stress in a UK community hospital: evaluation of a stress-reduction programme. International Journal of Palliative Nursing 10 (6), 296-304; Jenkins, R., Elliott, P., 2004. Stressors, burnout and social support: nurses in acute mental health settings. Journal of Advanced Nursing 48 (6), 622-631], with cancer nursing being identified as a particularly stressful occupation [Hinds, P.S., Sanders, C.B., Srivastava, D.K., Hickey, S., Jayawardene, D., Milligan, M., Olsen, M.S., Puckett, P., Quargnenti, A., Randall, E.A., Tyc, V., 1998. Testing the stress-response sequence model in paediatric oncology nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing 28 (5), 1146-1157; Barnard, D., Street, A., Love, A.W., 2006. Relationships between stressors, work supports and burnout among cancer nurses. Cancer Nursing 29 (4), 338-345]. Terminologies used to capture this stress are burnout [Pines, A.M., and Aronson, E., 1988. Career Burnout: Causes and Cures. Free Press, New York], compassion stress [Figley, C.R., 1995. Compassion Fatigue. Brunner/Mazel, New York], emotional contagion [Miller, K.I., Stiff, J.B., Ellis, B.H., 1988. Communication and empathy as precursors to burnout among human service workers. Communication Monographs 55 (9), 336-341] or simply the cost of caring (Figley, 1995). However, in the mental health field such as psychology and counselling, there is terminology used to captivate this impact, vicarious traumatisation. Vicarious traumatisation is a process through which the therapist's inner experience is negatively transformed through empathic engagement with client's traumatic material [Pearlman, L.A., Saakvitne, K.W., 1995a. Treating therapists with vicarious traumatization and secondary traumatic stress disorders. In: Figley, C.R. (Ed.), Compassion Fatigue: Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder in Those Who Treat the Traumatized. Brunner/Mazel, New York, pp. 150-177]. Trauma not only affects individuals who are primarily present, but also those with whom they discuss their experience. If an individual has been traumatised as a result of a cancer diagnosis and shares this impact with oncology nurses, there could be a risk of vicarious traumatisation in this population. However, although Thompson [2003. Vicarious traumatisation: do we adequately support traumatised staff? The Journal of Cognitive Rehabilitation 24-25] suggests that vicarious traumatisation is a broad term used for workers from any profession, it has not yet been empirically determined if oncology nurses experience vicarious traumatisation. This purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of vicarious traumatisation and argue that it should be explored in oncology nursing. The review will highlight that empirical research in vicarious traumatisation is largely limited to the mental health professions, with a strong recommendation for the need to empirically determine whether this concept exists in oncology nursing.
有大量文献记载护士会经历与工作相关的压力[奎因，L.，1998年。国民保健服务信托机构中压力的影响：一项研究。《护理标准》13(3)，36 - 41；查恩利，E.，1999年。新获得资格的护士的职业压力。《护理标准》13(29)，32 - 37；麦格拉思，A.，里德，N.，布尔，J.，2003年。护理工作中的职业压力。《国际护理研究杂志》40，555 - 565；麦维卡尔，A.，2003年。护理工作场所压力：文献综述。《高级护理杂志》44(6)，633 - 642；布鲁诺，B.，埃利森，G.，2004年。英国社区医院的姑息治疗压力：一项减压计划的评估。《国际姑息护理杂志》10(6)，296 - 304；詹金斯，R.，埃利奥特，P.，2004年。压力源、倦怠和社会支持：急性精神卫生环境中的护士。《高级护理杂志》48(6)，622 - 631]，其中癌症护理被认为是特别有压力的职业[欣兹，P.S.，桑德斯，C.B.，斯里瓦斯塔瓦，D.K.，希基，S.，贾亚瓦德纳，D.，米利根，M.，奥尔森，M.S.，帕克特，P.，夸尔根蒂，A.，兰德尔，E.A.，泰克，V.，1998年。在儿科肿瘤护理中测试压力反应序列模型。《高级护理杂志》28(5)，1146 - 1157；巴纳德，D.，斯特里特，A.，洛夫，A.W.，2006年。癌症护士的压力源、工作支持与倦怠之间的关系。《癌症护理》29(4)，338 - 345]。用于描述这种压力的术语有倦怠[派恩斯，A.M.，阿隆森，E.，1988年。职业倦怠：原因与治疗方法。自由出版社，纽约]、同情压力[菲格利，C.R.，1995年。同情疲劳。布鲁纳/梅泽尔出版社，纽约]、情绪感染[米勒，K.I.，斯蒂夫，J.B.，埃利斯，B.H.，19年。沟通与同理心作为人类服务工作者倦怠的先兆。《沟通专论》55(9)，336 - 341]或简单地称为关怀成本(菲格利，1995年)。然而，在心理健康领域，如心理学和咨询行业，有用于描述这种影响的术语，替代性创伤。替代性创伤是一个过程，通过这个过程，治疗师的内心体验通过与客户的创伤性材料的共情接触而被负面改变[珀尔曼，L.A.，萨克维特内，K.W.，1995a。治疗患有替代性创伤和继发性创伤应激障碍的治疗师。载于：菲格利，C.R.（编）。同情疲劳：应对治疗创伤者的继发性创伤应激障碍。布鲁纳/梅泽尔出版社，纽约，第150 - 177页]。创伤不仅影响主要经历创伤的个体，也影响与他们讨论经历的人。如果一个人因癌症诊断而受到创伤并与肿瘤护士分享这种影响，那么这个人群中可能存在替代性创伤的风险。然而，尽管汤普森[2003年。替代性创伤：我们是否充分支持受创伤的工作人员？《认知康复杂志》24 - 25]认为替代性创伤是一个用于任何职业工作者的宽泛术语，但尚未通过实证确定肿瘤护士是否会经历替代性创伤。本文的目的是介绍替代性创伤的概念，并主张应在肿瘤护理中对其进行探索。综述将强调，替代性创伤的实证研究在很大程度上限于心理健康专业，强烈建议有必要通过实证确定这个概念在肿瘤护理中是否存在。
