De Luca C, Deeva I, Mariani S, Maiani G, Stancato A, Korkina L
Lab. Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata - IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta, Rome, Italy.
Toxicol Ind Health. 2009 May-Jun;25(4-5):259-67. doi: 10.1177/0748233709103032.
Degenerative diseases, immune impairment, and premature ageing commonly affect professional categories exposed to severe environmental and psychological stress. Among these, cosmonauts routinely experience extreme conditions due to microgravity, space radiation, altered oxygen supply, physical and mental fatigue during training, spaceflight, and post-flight. Long route aviation pilots display elevated oncogenic risk, connected with cosmic radiation overexposure, and high mortality rates for cardiovascular causes. Engine drivers, like pilots, are affected by health consequences of psycho-emotional stress, and burnout syndrome. The free radical (FR)/antioxidant (AO) imbalance is a common feature in all these pathological conditions. To assess the effective relevance of oxidative stress, we analyzed blood and urine reliable markers of FR production and AO defenses in 12 Russian cosmonauts, 55 airline pilots, 63 train engine drivers, and 50 age-matched controls by measuring the following: (a) lipophilic/hydrophilic low-molecular weight AO and AO enzyme activities, (b) nitric oxide, superoxide anion, hydroperoxide production, and (c) urinary catecholamine/serotonine metabolites and lipoperoxidation markers. Cosmonauts showed elevated granulocyte superoxide and nitric oxide production, increased erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione oxidation, and drastically decreased plasma/leucocyte lipophilic AO levels (P < 0.001-0.01). Aviation pilots, like train drivers, displayed a mild but constant oxidative stress, more pronounced in intercontinental routes pilots, and consistent with lymphocyte chromosomal alterations, DNA oxidation, and cardiovascular malfunction. Results obtained on these selected professionals operating under wearing conditions offer a solid molecular basis for advising the regular monitoring of clinical biochemistry laboratory markers of AO/FR status, to tailor individually specific AO supplementation and diet regimen, and monitor treatment outcomes.
退行性疾病、免疫功能损害和早衰通常会影响那些承受严重环境和心理压力的职业群体。其中,宇航员经常会因微重力、太空辐射、氧气供应改变以及训练、太空飞行和飞行后期间的身心疲劳而经历极端情况。长途航线飞行员显示出致癌风险升高,这与宇宙辐射过度暴露有关,并且心血管疾病导致的死亡率很高。像飞行员一样,火车司机也受到心理情绪压力和职业倦怠综合征对健康的影响。自由基(FR)/抗氧化剂(AO)失衡是所有这些病理状况的一个共同特征。为了评估氧化应激的实际相关性,我们通过测量以下指标,分析了12名俄罗斯宇航员、55名航空公司飞行员、63名火车司机以及50名年龄匹配的对照组人员血液和尿液中FR产生和AO防御的可靠标志物:(a)亲脂性/亲水性低分子量AO和AO酶活性;(b)一氧化氮、超氧阴离子、氢过氧化物的产生;(c)尿儿茶酚胺/血清素代谢物和脂质过氧化标志物。宇航员表现出粒细胞超氧化物和一氧化氮产生增加、红细胞超氧化物歧化酶活性和谷胱甘肽氧化增加,以及血浆/白细胞亲脂性AO水平大幅下降(P<0.001 - 0.01)。航空公司飞行员与火车司机一样,表现出轻微但持续的氧化应激,在洲际航线飞行员中更为明显,并且与淋巴细胞染色体改变、DNA氧化和心血管功能障碍一致。在这些处于特定工作条件下的特定职业群体中获得的结果为建议定期监测AO/FR状态的临床生物化学实验室标志物、制定个性化的特定AO补充和饮食方案以及监测治疗效果提供了坚实的分子基础。