Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
Clin Exp Dermatol. 2010 Jan;35(1):2-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03463.x. Epub 2009 Jul 29.
Pruritus is an unpleasant sensation leading to scratching. It can be a feature of numerous skin or systemic diseases, and may also be a side-effect of various drugs. Opioids are one of the best-known medicines evoking pruritus. The pathogenesis of opioid-induced pruritus is still not fully known, but two different mechanisms have been proposed: peripheral and central. Several treatment options have been tested for opioid-induced pruritus, but none has been completely satisfactory. Opioid antagonists seem to be the most potent antipruritic drugs, but they also decrease analgesia, which limits their usage. Many other treatments have been tried, but to date, the data are conflicting or only limited studies have been performed to confirm their efficacy. Further studies are still needed to better elucidate the mechanism of opioid-induced pruritus and to develop more effective treatment options.
瘙痒是一种引起搔抓的不愉快感觉。它可以是许多皮肤或系统性疾病的特征，也可能是各种药物的副作用。阿片类药物是引起瘙痒的最知名药物之一。阿片类药物引起瘙痒的发病机制尚不完全清楚，但已经提出了两种不同的机制：外周和中枢。已经测试了几种治疗阿片类药物引起瘙痒的方法，但没有一种完全令人满意。阿片类拮抗剂似乎是最有效的止痒药物，但它们也会降低镇痛效果，这限制了它们的使用。许多其他治疗方法也已尝试，但迄今为止，数据相互矛盾，或者仅进行了有限的研究来确认其疗效。仍需要进一步研究以更好地阐明阿片类药物引起瘙痒的机制，并开发更有效的治疗方法。
