van der Werf Hayo M G, Kanyarushoki Claver, Corson Michael S
INRA, UMR 1069 Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation, F-35000 Rennes, France.
J Environ Manage. 2009 Aug;90(11):3643-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.07.003. Epub 2009 Aug 6.
This paper describes and applies EDEN-E, an operational method for the environmental evaluation of dairy farms based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) conceptual framework. EDEN-E requires a modest amount of data readily available on-farm, and thus can be used to assess a large number of farms at a reasonable cost. EDEN-E estimates farm resource use and pollutant emissions mostly at the farm scale, based on-farm-gate balances, amongst others. Resource use and emissions are interpreted in terms of potential impacts: eutrophication, acidification, climate change, terrestrial toxicity, non-renewable energy use and land occupation. The method distinguishes for each total impact a direct component (impacts on the farm site) and an indirect component (impacts associated with production and supply of inputs used). A group of 47 dairy farms (41 conventional and six organic) was evaluated. Expressed per 1000kg of fat-and-protein-corrected milk, total land occupation was significantly larger for organic than for conventional farms, while total impacts for eutrophication, acidification, climate change, terrestrial toxicity, and non-renewable energy use were not significantly different for the two production modes. When expressed per ha of land occupied all total impacts were significantly larger for conventional than organic farms. This study largely confirms previously published findings concerning the effect of production mode on impacts of dairy farms. However, it strikingly reveals that, for the set of farms examined, the contribution of production mode to overall inter-farm variability of impacts was minor relative to inter-farm variability within each of the two production modes examined. The mapping of impact variability through EDEN-E opens promising perspectives to move towards sustainable farming systems by identifying the structural and management characteristics of the farms presenting the lowest impacts.
本文介绍并应用了EDEN-E，这是一种基于生命周期评估（LCA）概念框架的奶牛场环境评估操作方法。EDEN-E所需的数据量适中，农场易于获取，因此可以以合理的成本用于评估大量农场。EDEN-E主要基于农场大门平衡等因素，在农场规模上估算农场资源使用和污染物排放。资源使用和排放根据潜在影响进行解释：富营养化、酸化、气候变化、陆地毒性、不可再生能源使用和土地占用。该方法针对每个总影响区分直接成分（对农场场地的影响）和间接成分（与所用投入品的生产和供应相关的影响）。对一组47个奶牛场（41个传统奶牛场和6个有机奶牛场）进行了评估。以每1000千克脂肪和蛋白质校正牛奶计算，有机农场的总土地占用显著大于传统农场，而两种生产模式下富营养化、酸化、气候变化、陆地毒性和不可再生能源使用的总影响没有显著差异。当以每公顷占用土地计算时，传统农场的所有总影响均显著大于有机农场。本研究在很大程度上证实了先前发表的关于生产模式对奶牛场影响的研究结果。然而，它显著揭示了，对于所研究的农场组，相对于所研究的两种生产模式中每种模式内的农场间变异性，生产模式对农场间影响总体变异性的贡献较小。通过EDEN-E对影响变异性进行映射，为通过识别影响最低的农场结构和管理特征来转向可持续养殖系统开辟了广阔前景。
