INSERM U557, INRA U1125, CNAM EA3200, Université Paris 13, CRNH IdF, Unité de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle, Bobigny, France.
Br J Nutr. 2009 Dec;102(12):1854-9. doi: 10.1017/S0007114509991280.
Environmental conditions influence meal size in adults and children. Intake of sweet drinks could contribute significantly to energy intake and potentially affect body weight, particularly in young individuals. The objectives of the present study were to measure the lunch intake of food and drinks under controlled laboratory settings in teenagers and to compare the influence of different meal conditions. Normal-weight adolescents (fourteen males and fifteen females) participated in four standardised lunches, scheduled 1 week apart. The same popular items (meat dish, dessert, water, juice, soda) were served at all meals. Ad libitum intake was measured under four conditions: subjects ate alone; in groups; alone while viewing television; alone while listening to music. Visual analogue scales were used to assess pre- and post-meal hunger and thirst and meal palatability. Energy, solid food and fluid intake was different (significantly lower) only in the 'eating in group' condition, in spite of identical intensity of pre-meal hunger. More soda was consumed when participants were watching television, and more water was consumed while listening to music. Across all conditions, more soda than water was consumed. Post-meal ratings of hunger, thirst and palatability did not differ between conditions. We concluded that, in teenagers, a 'social inhibition' effect appears rather than the 'social facilitation' previously reported in adults. Although teenagers do not respond to the presence of television or another 'distractor' such as music by eating more, they do ingest more soda when the television is on. The social significance of meals, conditioned responses and habituation to 'distractors' may be different between adolescents and adults.
环境条件会影响成人和儿童的进餐量。摄入含糖饮料可能会显著增加能量摄入，并可能对体重产生影响，尤其是在年轻人中。本研究的目的是在受控的实验室环境下测量青少年的午餐食物和饮料摄入量，并比较不同用餐条件的影响。正常体重的青少年（14 名男性和 15 名女性）参加了四次标准化午餐，间隔一周。所有餐点都提供相同的受欢迎的项目（肉类菜肴、甜点、水、果汁、苏打水）。在四种条件下测量随意进食量：单独进食；分组进食；边看电视边进食；边听音乐边进食。使用视觉模拟量表评估餐前和餐后饥饿感、口渴感和用餐美味程度。尽管餐前饥饿感相同，但仅在“单独进食”条件下，能量、固体食物和液体摄入量存在差异（显著降低）。当参与者看电视时，他们会消耗更多的苏打水，而当他们听音乐时，他们会消耗更多的水。在所有条件下，苏打水的摄入量都多于水。餐后饥饿感、口渴感和美味程度评分在不同条件之间没有差异。我们得出结论，在青少年中，出现的是“社会抑制”效应，而不是之前在成年人中报道的“社会促进”效应。尽管青少年不会因为电视或其他“分心物”（如音乐）的存在而吃得更多，但当电视打开时，他们确实会摄入更多的苏打水。用餐的社会意义、条件反射和对“分心物”的习惯化可能在青少年和成年人之间存在差异。
