Petrů Milada, Spinka Marek, Charvátová Veronika, Lhota Stanislav
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic.
J Comp Psychol. 2009 Aug;123(3):250-63. doi: 10.1037/a0016217.
Play behavior has been viewed as a mixture of elements drawn from "serious" behavior, interspersed by ritualized play signals. Two other types of play behaviors have been overlooked: patterns that are dissimilar from any serious behavior and patterns with self-handicapping character, that is, those that put the animal into unnecessary disadvantageous positions or situations. Here the authors show that these 2 types of patterns can constitute a major part of play repertoire. From our own videorecordings and observations, we constructed play ethograms of 5 monkey species (Semnopithecus entellus, Erythrocebus patas, Chlorocebus pygerythrus, Cercopithecus neglectus, and Cercopithecus diana). The authors evaluated the self-handicapping character of each pattern and in Hanuman langurs also the (dis)similarity to serious behavior. Of the 74 patterns in the 5 species, 33 (45%) were judged to have a self-handicapping character. Of 48 patterns observed in langurs, 16 (33%) were totally dissimilar to any serious langur behavior known to us. The authors discuss the possibility that the different types of play elements may have different functions in play.
玩耍行为被视为是从“严肃”行为中抽取的各种元素的混合体，其间穿插着仪式化的玩耍信号。另外两种玩耍行为类型一直被忽视：与任何严肃行为都不同的模式，以及具有自我设限特征的模式，即那些使动物处于不必要的不利位置或情境的模式。在此，作者表明这两种模式可构成玩耍全部行为的主要部分。根据我们自己的录像和观察，我们构建了5种猴子（长尾叶猴、赤猴、绿猴、白臀长尾猴和戴安娜长尾猴）的玩耍行为谱。作者评估了每种模式的自我设限特征，对于哈努曼叶猴，还评估了其与严肃行为的（不）相似性。在这5个物种的74种模式中，33种（45%）被判定具有自我设限特征。在叶猴中观察到的48种模式里，16种（33%）与我们所知的任何严肃的叶猴行为完全不同。作者讨论了不同类型的玩耍元素在玩耍中可能具有不同功能的可能性。
