Single cell shape and population densities of indoleamine-accumulating and displaced bipolar cells in Reeves' turtle retina.

Two types of bipolar cell in the Geoclemys reevesii retina were studied quantitatively by means of specific cell labelling with an indoleamine derivative (5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, 5,6-DHT), a nucleic acid stain (4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, DAPI) and Lucifer yellow CH. Indoleamine-accumulating (IA) bipolar cells were selectively labelled with 5,6-DHT applied intraocularly. After the cells accumulated 5,6-DHT, the indoleamine fluorescence was photoconverted to diaminobenzidine products to allow observation of morphological details. Close examination of many cells (cell number; n = 120) showed that the IA bipolar cells consist of a single morphological type whose axon collaterals ramify sublaminae 1, 4 and 5 respectively. This terminal branching pattern corresponds to cells that hyperpolarize when their receptive field centres are illuminated (Weiler 1981). The density of IA bipolar cells was highest in the visual streak (4130 cells mm-2) and lowest at the peripheral margin (1970 cells mm-2). By applying a small amount of DAPI to the eye, nuclei located in the most proximal row of the outer nuclear layer were labelled selectively. By using selective intracellular dye injection into DAPI-labelled cells under fluorescence microscope (Tauchi & Masland 1984, 1985), these cells were found to have Landolt's clubs and single descending axons. Dye injections into more than fifty DAPI-labelled somata showed that they belonged exclusively to displaced bipolar cells. These comprised at least two subtypes that differ in the ramification pattern of their axon terminals within the inner plexiform layer: one was monostratified, whereas the other was bistratified. The displaced bipolar cell density was as high as 9400 cells mm-2 in the central retina, falling to 2000 cells mm-2 in the superior margin. In vitro Lucifer labelling revealed that the overall bipolar cell density in the central retina was as high as 39,300 cells mm-2. Both the conventionally located and displaced bipolar cells were included in this population. About 11% of the total bipolar cell population consisted of IA bipolar cells. Assuming that one half of the conventionally located bipolar cells are the centre-hyperpolarizing type, IA bipolar cells represent approximately 28% of the total. As displaced bipolar cells represent almost one quarter of the total bipolar population, the dislocation of their somata stands out morphologically, inviting investigation of possible functional correlates.