Hawkes P W
CEMES-CNRS, , B.P. 94347, 31055 Toulouse cedex, France.
Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2009 Sep 28;367(1903):3637-64. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2009.0004.
Electron lenses are extremely poor: if glass lenses were as bad, we should see as well with the naked eye as with a microscope! The demonstration by Otto Scherzer in 1936 that skillful lens design could never eliminate the spherical and chromatic aberrations of rotationally symmetric electron lenses was therefore most unwelcome and the other great electron optician of those years, Walter Glaser, never ceased striving to find a loophole in Scherzer's proof. In the wartime and early post-war years, the first proposals for correcting C(s) were made and in 1947, in a second milestone paper, Scherzer listed these and other ways of correcting lenses; soon after, Dennis Gabor invented holography for the same purpose. These approaches will be briefly summarized and the work that led to the successful implementation of quadupole-octopole and sextupole correctors in the 1990 s will be analysed. In conclusion, the elegant role of image algebra in describing image formation and processing and, above all, in developing new methods will be mentioned.
要是玻璃透镜也这么差，那我们用肉眼看东西就会和用显微镜看一样清晰了！1936年奥托·谢尔策证明，无论怎样巧妙地设计透镜，都无法消除旋转对称电子透镜的球差和色差，这一结论很不受欢迎。当时另一位伟大的电子光学专家沃尔特·格拉泽一直努力试图在谢尔策的证明中找到漏洞。在战时及战后初期，人们首次提出了校正球差系数（C(s)）的建议。1947年，在另一篇具有里程碑意义的论文中，谢尔策列举了这些以及其他校正透镜的方法；不久之后，丹尼斯·加博尔出于同样目的发明了全息术。本文将简要概述这些方法，并分析在20世纪90年代成功实现四极 - 八极和六极校正器过程中所做的工作。最后，还将提及图像代数在描述图像形成与处理，尤其是在开发新方法方面所发挥的精妙作用。
