Bramanti B, Thomas M G, Haak W, Unterlaender M, Jores P, Tambets K, Antanaitis-Jacobs I, Haidle M N, Jankauskas R, Kind C-J, Lueth F, Terberger T, Hiller J, Matsumura S, Forster P, Burger J
Institute for Anthropology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):137-40. doi: 10.1126/science.1176869. Epub 2009 Sep 3.
After the domestication of animals and crops in the Near East some 11,000 years ago, farming had reached much of central Europe by 7500 years before the present. The extent to which these early European farmers were immigrants or descendants of resident hunter-gatherers who had adopted farming has been widely debated. We compared new mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from late European hunter-gatherer skeletons with those from early farmers and from modern Europeans. We find large genetic differences between all three groups that cannot be explained by population continuity alone. Most (82%) of the ancient hunter-gatherers share mtDNA types that are relatively rare in central Europeans today. Together, these analyses provide persuasive evidence that the first farmers were not the descendants of local hunter-gatherers but immigrated into central Europe at the onset of the Neolithic.
约11000年前在近东地区实现动物和作物驯化之后，到距今7500年前，农耕已传播至中欧大部分地区。这些早期欧洲农民在多大程度上是移民，或者是已采用农耕方式的当地狩猎采集者的后代，这一问题一直备受广泛争论。我们将来自欧洲晚期狩猎采集者骨骼的新线粒体DNA（mtDNA）序列与早期农民以及现代欧洲人的序列进行了比较。我们发现，所有这三组人群之间存在巨大的基因差异，仅靠人口连续性无法解释这些差异。大多数（82%）古代狩猎采集者共享的mtDNA类型在如今的中欧人中相对罕见。综合来看，这些分析提供了有说服力的证据，表明最早的农民并非当地狩猎采集者的后代，而是在新石器时代伊始移民至中欧的。
