Warren Kenneth R, Hewitt Brenda G
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2009;15(3):170-5. doi: 10.1002/ddrr.71.
Historically, alcohol has been used for different purposes including as a part of religious observances, as a food, at times as a medicine and its well-known use as a beverage. Until relatively recently these purposes have not changed and have at times been at odds with one another, resulting in collisions among policies and practices in science, medicine, public policy and the law. One area in which this has been particularly true is that of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) where the adverse consequences of consumed alcohol on children in the womb and after birth may have been observed since antiquity, but the actions taken based on such observations have been influenced as much by the socio/cultural/political context of the times in which they were made as by evidence of harm. This article provides an overview of the inherent confusion when new scientific findings confront prevailing medical practice, the history involved in this confusion with respect to FASD, including public policy and legal issues that have arisen around alcohol and pregnancy, and the research and clinical challenges still being faced.
从历史上看，酒精被用于不同目的，包括作为宗教仪式的一部分、作为食物、有时作为药物以及广为人知的作为饮品。直到相对较近的时候，这些用途都没有改变，而且有时相互矛盾，导致科学、医学、公共政策和法律等领域的政策与实践发生冲突。胎儿酒精谱系障碍（FASD）领域尤其如此，自古代以来就可能观察到饮酒对子宫内和出生后儿童的不良后果，但基于这些观察所采取的行动，受到做出观察时的社会/文化/政治背景的影响，与伤害证据的影响一样大。本文概述了新的科学发现与现行医学实践冲突时固有的混乱状况，关于FASD的这种混乱所涉及的历史，包括围绕酒精与怀孕出现的公共政策和法律问题，以及仍面临的研究和临床挑战。
