Wicker Jordan, Kamler Kenneth
New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009 Aug;1172:95-109. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04413.x.
Cognitive-behavioral practices such as meditation and yoga have long been viewed as methods of reaching states of peace and relaxation, but recent research has focused on the role of these practices in reducing endogenous mediators of stress and inflammation that would otherwise be harmful to our bodies. Further, these stress-related factors play major roles in inflammation, acting as barriers to wound healing and tissue regeneration. Fractures, denervation, tendon and ligament rupture, and cartilage degradation are morbidities associated with injury and often act as an impediment for healing. Studies of human fingertip regeneration exist; however, the underlying molecular and environmental changes have yet to be completely elucidated. Studying the regenerative capabilities of lower organisms and fetal wound healing has allowed scientists to understand the mechanisms behind regeneration, coming closer to a human application. Much research relies on the idea that the developing embryo shares a great deal in common with regenerating appendages of organisms such as the salamander. This review will cover historical perspectives of regeneration biology and current topics in limb regeneration, with particular interest given to the upper extremity, including the commonalities between human embryological development and amphibian regeneration, growth factors and pathways that show correlation with development and regeneration, recently discovered differences in fetal and adult wound healing, and current research and knowledge regarding human extremity tissue regeneration. With a greater understanding of the mechanisms and mediators involved in regeneration, the application of cognitive-behavioral practices may assist in seeing the future goals of regeneration come to fruition.
长期以来，冥想和瑜伽等认知行为练习一直被视为达到平和与放松状态的方法，但最近的研究聚焦于这些练习在减少压力和炎症的内源性介质方面的作用，否则这些介质会对我们的身体造成伤害。此外，这些与压力相关的因素在炎症中起主要作用，成为伤口愈合和组织再生的障碍。骨折、去神经支配、肌腱和韧带断裂以及软骨退化是与损伤相关的病症，常常阻碍愈合。关于人类指尖再生的研究已有存在；然而，潜在的分子和环境变化尚未完全阐明。对低等生物的再生能力和胎儿伤口愈合的研究使科学家能够了解再生背后的机制，更接近人类应用。许多研究基于这样一种观点，即发育中的胚胎与蝾螈等生物的再生附肢有很多共同之处。本综述将涵盖再生生物学的历史观点以及肢体再生的当前主题，特别关注上肢，包括人类胚胎发育与两栖动物再生之间的共性、与发育和再生相关的生长因子和途径、最近发现的胎儿和成人伤口愈合的差异，以及关于人类肢体组织再生的当前研究和知识。随着对再生所涉及的机制和介质有更深入的了解，认知行为练习的应用可能有助于实现再生的未来目标。
