Menger Bjoern, Vogt Peter M, Kuhbier Joern W, Reimers Kerstin
Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Ann Plast Surg. 2010 Nov;65(5):504-10. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0b013e3181d376f9.
In contrast to the limited regenerative ability found in human wound healing, which often results in unsatisfying and deficient scar formation, urodele amphibians, with the Mexican axolotl as a prime example, expose an extraordinary regenerative capacity. This regeneration leads to a perfect restoration of tissue architecture, function, and aesthetics with the axolotl being actually able to reclaim complete limbs. Evolutionary considerations suggest that regeneration might be a biologic principle which also underlies human wound healing. Experimental findings, such as comparative studies on transforming growth factor-β and fibroblast growth factor accentuate this assumption. Regeneration, as recent data indicate, might be a question of adaptive immunity. The loss of regenerative potency correlates with the decrease of regeneration in most species, whereas the Mexican axolotl lacks adaptive immunity throughout its life. The characterization of molecular pathways as a prerequisite for any control of regenerative processes sets an increasing indication toward the transfer into human beings. Some regenerative techniques, eg, recombinant transforming growth factor-β have already emerged. Molecular findings suggest that there is an intrinsic regenerative capacity in humans which might be initiated under appropriate circumstances. The Mexican axolotl is liable to diverse surgical and molecular approaches. Though well-known among developmental biologists, its exploitation for experimental Plastic Surgery still has to be established. We therefore intend to give an introduction to amphibian regeneration and the common evolutionary roots of regeneration and human wound healing, as we believe that Plastic Surgery takes a unique advantage of performing basic research on amphibian regeneration.
与人类伤口愈合中有限的再生能力形成对比的是，人类伤口愈合常常导致不尽人意且有缺陷的疤痕形成，而以墨西哥钝口螈为典型例子的有尾两栖动物却展现出非凡的再生能力。这种再生能使组织结构、功能和美观得以完美恢复，实际上钝口螈能够重新长出完整的肢体。从进化角度考虑，再生可能是一种生物学原理，也是人类伤口愈合的基础。诸如对转化生长因子-β和成纤维细胞生长因子的比较研究等实验结果强化了这一假设。正如最近的数据所表明的，再生可能是一个适应性免疫的问题。在大多数物种中，再生能力的丧失与再生能力的下降相关，而墨西哥钝口螈在其一生中都缺乏适应性免疫。对分子途径的表征作为任何控制再生过程的先决条件，越来越表明有可能将其应用于人类。一些再生技术，例如重组转化生长因子-β已经出现。分子研究结果表明，人类具有内在的再生能力，在适当的情况下可能会被激发。墨西哥钝口螈易于接受各种手术和分子方法。尽管在发育生物学家中广为人知，但将其用于实验性整形手术仍有待确立。因此，我们打算介绍两栖动物的再生以及再生与人类伤口愈合的共同进化根源，因为我们认为整形手术在对两栖动物再生进行基础研究方面具有独特优势。
