Kravdal Oystein
University of Oslo, Department of Economics, Oslo, Norway.
Soc Sci Med. 2009 Nov;69(10):1484-92. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.08.035. Epub 2009 Sep 19.
Many researchers have shown an association between a person's health or mortality and the socio-economic resources in the community, net of the person's own resources. The focus has typically been on the current community of residence or one where the person lived a few years earlier. Only a few authors have tried to establish whether there is an additional effect of earlier community exposures, and they have not made a distinction between migrants and non-migrants, which there are good reasons to do. The results from these earlier investigations have been rather mixed. In the present study, a discrete-time hazard model for mortality between ages of 60-89 over the period 1991-2002 was estimated from register data that included the entire Norwegian population. For each person, and for each of these years, municipalities of residence during the previous 20 years were known. There was also information on each person's educational level. For the relevant years and each of the 433 municipalities, measures of average education in the population were constructed by aggregating over the individual data. The analysis was focused on the subgroup who had moved across a municipality border only once during the previous 20 years, among whom there were 29,843 deaths during 839,113 person-years of follow-up. The population sizes of the municipalities were included as control variables. Among those who had moved within the last 10 years, the current socio-economic context was not important for mortality. The earlier context had an effect, but this was restricted to men. Those who had lived longer in the current municipality of residence were influenced only by the average education in that municipality. The findings support the idea that neighbourhood socio-economic effects need some time to build up, and that they do not dissipate soon after the person has moved to a new environment.
许多研究人员已经表明，在不考虑个人自身资源的情况下，一个人的健康或死亡率与社区的社会经济资源之间存在关联。研究重点通常是当前居住社区或此人几年前居住过的社区。只有少数作者试图确定早期社区暴露是否有额外影响，而且他们没有区分移民和非移民，而这样做是有充分理由的。这些早期调查的结果参差不齐。在本研究中，利用包含整个挪威人口的登记数据，估计了1991年至2002年期间60至89岁人群死亡率的离散时间风险模型。对于每个人以及这些年份中的每一年，都知道其前20年的居住市政当局。还掌握了每个人的教育程度信息。对于相关年份以及433个市政当局中的每一个，通过汇总个体数据构建了人口平均教育程度指标。分析集中在前20年中仅迁移过一次市政当局边界的亚组，在839,113人年的随访期间，该亚组中有29,843人死亡。市政当局的人口规模作为控制变量纳入。在过去10年内迁移过的人群中，当前的社会经济背景对死亡率并不重要。早期背景有影响，但仅限于男性。在当前居住市政当局居住时间较长的人仅受该市政当局平均教育程度的影响。研究结果支持这样一种观点，即邻里社会经济影响需要一些时间来形成，并且在人们搬到新环境后不会很快消失。
