Palmentier J-P F P, Warren R, Gorczynski L Y
Toxicology Section, Centre of Forensic Sciences, 25 Grosvenor Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
J Forensic Leg Med. 2009 Nov;16(8):444-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2009.05.002. Epub 2009 Jun 21.
Blood samples from 733 drivers suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol in the province of Ontario from 2001 to 2005 were retrospectively examined.
Samples were analyzed for alcohol content by headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Drivers ranged in age from 15 to 83 years old with the majority of blood samples obtained from males (n=623, 85%). Of the 704 cases where quantifiable numerical values were obtained, blood alcohol concentrations ranged from 13 to 414 mg/100 mL (mean 172 mg/100 mL) for males and 10 to 425 mg/100 mL (mean 173 mg/100 mL) for females. The majority of these drivers (n=640/704, 90.9%) had blood alcohol concentrations of 80 mg/100 mL and greater at the time of sampling. Analysis for alcohol was undertaken in all cases. However, additional toxicological examinations for drugs was conducted on a case-by-case basis based on the submitted case history and/or where there were requests for additional drug analysis, or where such analysis would be probative in the absence of the detection of alcohol at a concentration that could cause impairment.
Therefore, analyses for drugs were only performed in a small subset of 42 cases (6%). Thirty-four of these cases had positive drug findings, with Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol being the most frequently encountered drug (n=18), followed by benzoylecgonine/cocaine (n=8), morphine (n=6), lorazepam (n=5) and diphenhydramine (n=4). The majority of individuals were involved in some type of motor vehicle accident (n=658, 89.8%), with single motor vehicle accidents (n=412, 56.2%) being the most common, followed by multiple motor vehicle accidents (n=169, 23%). Injuries (n=309, 42.1%) were the main cause of individuals not being able to provide breath samples with specific, non-life threatening injuries (n=178, 24.3%) representing the highest percentage of cases. The majority of incidents (n=449, 61.3%) occurred between Friday and Sunday reaching a peak on Saturday (n=174, 23.7%). Incidents occurred throughout the day, with the majority of events (n=449/705, 63.7%) for which a time was provided occurring between 6:01 pm and 3:00 am, and the peak number of incidents occurring between 9:01 pm and midnight (n=168/705, 23.8%).
However, these data demonstrate that ''drugged driving" does occur and that further, comprehensive investigation is needed to determine the frequency and type of drug use by Ontario drivers.
对2001年至2005年安大略省733名涉嫌酒后驾车的司机的血液样本进行了回顾性检查。
采用顶空气相色谱-火焰离子化检测法分析样本中的酒精含量。司机年龄在15至83岁之间，大多数血液样本来自男性（n = 623，85%）。在获得可量化数值的704例病例中，男性血液酒精浓度范围为13至414 mg/100 mL（平均172 mg/100 mL），女性为10至425 mg/100 mL（平均173 mg/100 mL）。这些司机中的大多数（n = 640/704，90.9%）在采样时血液酒精浓度达到或超过80 mg/100 mL。所有病例均进行了酒精分析。然而，根据提交的病例记录和/或在有额外药物分析请求的情况下，或在未检测到可能导致损害的酒精浓度时进行此类分析具有证明力的情况下，逐案进行了额外的药物毒理学检查。
因此，仅在42例（6%）的一小部分病例中进行了药物分析。其中34例病例有阳性药物检测结果，Δ⁹-四氢大麻酚是最常检测到的药物（n = 18），其次是苯甲酰芽子碱/可卡因（n = 8）、吗啡（n = 6）、劳拉西泮（n = 5）和苯海拉明（n = 4）。大多数人卷入了某种类型的机动车事故（n = 658，89.8%），其中单车事故（n = 412，56.2%）最为常见，其次是多车事故（n = 169，23%）。受伤（n = 309，42.1%）是个体无法提供呼气样本的主要原因，特定的非危及生命的伤害（n = 178，24.3%）占病例的最高比例。大多数事件（n = 449，61.3%）发生在周五至周日，周六达到峰值（n = 174，23.7%）。事件全天都有发生，在提供了时间的大多数事件（n = 449/705，63.7%）中，发生时间在下午6:01至凌晨3:00之间，事件发生的峰值数量在晚上9:01至午夜之间（n = 168/705，23.8%）。
然而，这些数据表明“药物影响下驾驶”确实存在，并且需要进一步进行全面调查以确定安大略省司机使用药物的频率和类型。
