Emory University, 317 Psychology Building, 532 Kilgo Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2009 Oct;11(5):387-92. doi: 10.1007/s11920-009-0058-1.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and/or hyperactivity in children and adults. Putative environmental risk factors for ADHD include toxin and prenatal smoke exposure, low socioeconomic status, and parental marital instability and discord. Genetic associations with ADHD have been found in the dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic neurotransmitter systems, but findings are inconsistent across studies. Herein, we review studies of gene-environment interactions for ADHD to better understand how genetic and environmental risk factors may contribute to the disorder in a nonindependent fashion, which may account in part for the inconsistent findings on genetic associations. Although evidence of interactions between prenatal substance exposure and the dopamine genes DAT1 and DRD4 was found, findings across studies have been mixed. We discuss these findings and the future directions and limitations of current gene-environment research.
注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是一种异质性疾病，其特征为儿童和成人的注意力不集中、冲动和/或多动。ADHD 的潜在环境风险因素包括毒素和产前吸烟暴露、社会经济地位低以及父母婚姻不稳定和不和。ADHD 与多巴胺能、5-羟色胺能和去甲肾上腺素能神经递质系统存在遗传关联，但研究结果不一致。本文综述了 ADHD 的基因-环境相互作用研究，以更好地理解遗传和环境风险因素如何以非独立的方式导致疾病，这可能部分解释了遗传关联研究结果的不一致。虽然发现了产前物质暴露与多巴胺基因 DAT1 和 DRD4 之间相互作用的证据，但研究结果不一。我们讨论了这些发现以及当前基因-环境研究的未来方向和局限性。
