University of Texas Medical School, MSB 5020. 6431 Fannin, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2005 Aug;5(4):467-77. doi: 10.1586/14737167.5.4.467.
Needle phobia affects at least 10% of the general population. Subcutaneous injections are used for many reasons, including immunizations, administration of medications such as insulin and heparin, and to provide local anesthesia, both for surgery and for intravenous cannulation. Whatever the reason for its application, the injection itself may cause discomfort and/or pain. In children, in patients with needle phobia, in those who require frequent intravenous cannulations, or in those who need daily medication, the pain at injection can reach unbearable intensity that could lead to refusal of medical care. Various approaches are employed to alleviate the pain caused by intravenous cannulation. These include the use of topical analgesia [i.e., EMLA, Ametop (tetracaine], Numby Stuff and ethylchloridespray], skin infiltration with lidocaine using 25-30-gauge needles and jet injectors. This article will review the complex topic of needle phobia and needle pain, and will summarize the currently available alternatives and the new developments intended to reduce the intensity of injection pain.
恐针症影响至少 10%的普通人群。皮下注射有多种用途，包括免疫接种、胰岛素和肝素等药物的给药，以及提供局部麻醉，无论是用于手术还是用于静脉插管。无论应用的原因是什么，注射本身都可能引起不适和/或疼痛。在儿童、有恐针症的患者、需要频繁进行静脉插管的患者或需要每天用药的患者中，注射时的疼痛可能达到无法忍受的强度，导致拒绝医疗护理。为了减轻静脉插管引起的疼痛，人们采用了各种方法。这些方法包括使用局部镇痛剂（即 EMLA、Ametop[丁卡因]、Numby Stuff 和乙基氯化物喷雾]）、使用 25-30 号针和喷射注射器进行利多卡因皮内浸润。本文将综述恐针症和针刺痛这一复杂的主题，并总结目前可用的替代方法和旨在减轻注射疼痛强度的新进展。
