Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
J Trauma Dissociation. 2009;10(4):385-404. doi: 10.1080/15299730903143691.
This qualitative study investigated how Holocaust survivors managed to lead "normal" lives after experiencing incomprehensible horror. It was based on structural dissociation theory (O. Van der Hart, E. R. S. Nijenhuis, & K. Steele, 2006), which postulates that when people encounter traumatic events that they cannot integrate into their ongoing mental lives, their personalities may divide into 2 distinct action systems: the apparently normal part of the personality (ANP; involving systems that manage functions of daily life) and the emotional part of the personality (EP; involving systems related to the traumatic memory). Failure to integrate also leads to nonrealization of the traumatic experience. Research participants were 20 people randomly selected from the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum's oral history archives. Their interviews were analyzed in terms of structural dissociation and nonrealization in order to develop a narrative about the stages of their post-war lives. In the 1st stage (Surviving the Camps: Formation of Traumatic Memories), the experience of surviving the camps created traumatic emotional memories. In the 2nd stage (Post-War Adjustment: Creating the ANP by Splitting Off the Traumatic Memories Into an EP), survivors' desire to create a normal post-war life led them to split off their traumatic memories. In the 3rd stage (Developing the Motivation to Remember), survivors' changed life context motivated them to confront the previously split-off material. In the 4th stage (Creating a Historical Self: Integration of the ANP and EP), survivors integrated past experience into their lives, although the impact of the trauma never fully disappeared.
本定性研究调查了大屠杀幸存者在经历无法理解的恐怖之后如何过上“正常”生活。它基于结构分离理论（O.范德哈特、E.R.S.尼延胡伊斯和 K.斯蒂尔，2006），该理论假设当人们遇到他们无法将其纳入当前心理生活的创伤性事件时，他们的个性可能会分裂成两个截然不同的行动系统：个性的明显正常部分（ANP；涉及管理日常生活功能的系统）和个性的情感部分（EP；涉及与创伤记忆相关的系统）。未能整合也会导致创伤经历无法实现。研究参与者是从美国大屠杀纪念博物馆的口述历史档案中随机挑选的 20 人。他们的访谈根据结构分离和未实现的情况进行了分析，以编写关于他们战后生活阶段的叙述。在第 1 阶段（在营地中幸存：形成创伤性记忆），在营地中幸存的经历产生了创伤性的情绪记忆。在第 2 阶段（战后调整：通过将创伤性记忆分裂到 EP 中创建 ANP），幸存者创造正常战后生活的愿望导致他们将创伤性记忆分裂开来。在第 3 阶段（发展记忆的动机），幸存者生活环境的变化促使他们面对以前分裂的材料。在第 4 阶段（创建历史自我：ANP 和 EP 的整合），幸存者将过去的经验融入生活，尽管创伤的影响从未完全消失。
