Crescitelli F
Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024.
J Exp Zool Suppl. 1990;5:66-75. doi: 10.1002/jez.1402560510.
This is a summary of studies that bear on the problems of the adaptation of visual pigments to the photic environment of the deep sea. The results suggest that the spectral absorption of these retinal pigments is shifted toward the blue in order to match the dim, blue-green downwelling light and/or the bioluminescence of organisms that are critical to the life of the species. Through such a spectral match, greater visual sensitivity is achieved for life in the special photic condition of their habitat. This adaptation has been found for chimaerid fishes, for elasmobranchs, for teleosts, for mammals, and for certain crustaceans and cephalopods. The most convincing evidence for such an adaptive match has been found in teleosts that have red-emitting photophores. In these fishes a photopigment with absorbance shifted toward the red has been found by extraction and microspectrophotometry. A few exceptions to this idea of an adaptive match have appeared in the literature, the cone pigments, especially, being examples of such offset pigments. The malacosteid fishes have been shown to have a red-shifted retinal pigment with 11-cis-3-dehydroretinal as the chromophore and some invertebrates have also adopted this molecule to adjust the spectral absorption to the photic environment or to the bioluminescence. These studies are beginning to reveal that visual biochemistry is basically the same in vertebrates and invertebrates and that the visual pigment protein arose early in phylogeny and has been retained, with appropraite modifications, to the present.
这是一系列与视觉色素适应深海光环境问题相关的研究总结。结果表明，这些视黄醛色素的光谱吸收向蓝光方向偏移，以匹配昏暗的蓝绿色下行光和/或对该物种生存至关重要的生物的生物发光。通过这种光谱匹配，在其栖息地特殊的光条件下生活可获得更高的视觉灵敏度。这种适应性在银鲛、板鳃亚纲鱼类、硬骨鱼、哺乳动物以及某些甲壳类动物和头足类动物中均有发现。在具有发红光的发光器的硬骨鱼中发现了这种适应性匹配的最有说服力的证据。通过提取和显微分光光度法，在这些鱼类中发现了一种吸光度向红光方向偏移的光色素。文献中出现了一些与这种适应性匹配观点相悖的例子，尤其是视锥色素，就是这种偏移色素的实例。已证明松球鱼具有一种以11-顺式-3-脱氢视黄醛为发色团的红移视黄醛色素，一些无脊椎动物也采用这种分子来调整光谱吸收以适应光环境或生物发光。这些研究开始揭示，脊椎动物和无脊椎动物的视觉生物化学基本相同，并且视觉色素蛋白在系统发育早期就已出现，并经过适当修饰一直保留至今。
