Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd., Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, United States.
J Chem Neuroanat. 2010 Mar;39(2):132-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2009.10.002. Epub 2009 Oct 22.
The song system of oscine songbirds mediates multiple complex perceptive and productive behaviors. These discrete behaviors are modulated according to external variables such as social context, directed attention and other forms of experience. In addition, sleep has been implicated in song learning and song maintenance. Changes in behavioral state are associated with complex changes in auditory responsiveness and tonic/bursting properties of song system neurons. Cholinergic input, principally from the basal forebrain has been implicated in some of these state-dependent properties. Cholinergic modulation may affect numerous song system nuclei, with in vivo and in vitro studies indicating that a major target of cholinergic input is the forebrain nucleus HVC. Within HVC, a muscarinic cholinergic system has strong regulatory effects on most neurons, and may serve to couple and uncouple circuitry within HVC projecting along the premotor pathway with circuitry within HVC projecting along the cortico-basal ganglia pathway. These observations begin to describe how neuromodulatory regulation in the song system may contribute to learning phenomena.
鸣禽的歌曲系统介导多种复杂的感知和产生行为。这些离散的行为根据外部变量进行调节，如社交环境、注意力指向和其他形式的经验。此外，睡眠与歌曲学习和歌曲维持有关。行为状态的变化与听觉反应性和歌曲系统神经元的紧张/突发特性的复杂变化相关。来自基底前脑的胆碱能输入被认为与其中一些状态依赖的特性有关。胆碱能调制可能影响众多的歌曲系统核团，体内和体外研究表明，胆碱能输入的一个主要靶点是前脑核团 HVC。在 HVC 内，一种毒蕈碱型胆碱能系统对大多数神经元具有很强的调节作用，可能起到将沿着前运动通路投射的 HVC 内的回路与沿着皮质基底神经节通路投射的 HVC 内的回路耦联和去耦联的作用。这些观察结果开始描述歌曲系统中的神经调质调节如何有助于学习现象。
