University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, P.O. Box 38, 1 Williams St., Solomons, MD 20688, USA.
Mar Environ Res. 2010 Apr;69(3):152-7. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2009.09.006. Epub 2009 Sep 20.
Palaemonetes pugio exposed to copper (9 or 26 microg Cu(2+)/L) for a full life cycle were unable to produce viable embryos, precluding completion of the life cycle, despite no lethal effects on larval, juvenile, or adult life stages. Exposure to copper also resulted in a significant delay in larval development. When adults raised in copper were transferred to control seawater, they produced viable embryos, but larval output per clutch was reduced by 43% compared to clutches from females that had never been exposed to copper, suggesting reduced energetic allocation to reproduction. In acute exposures, adults exposed to copper for as little as three days were unable to produce viable embryos. Furthermore, exposure of control embryos to copper reduced hatching success by 74%. The reduction in hatching success and energetic allocation to reproduction are unlikely to be completely responsible for the lack of larval production observed in pre-spawning exposures to copper, suggesting that copper may also inhibit processes before or during spawning and fertilization.
爪蟾在整个生命周期中暴露于铜（9 或 26 微克 Cu2+/L）中，无法产生存活的胚胎，从而无法完成生命周期，尽管对幼虫、幼体或成体阶段没有致命影响。暴露于铜也会导致幼虫发育显著延迟。当在铜中饲养的成体转移到对照海水中时，它们可以产生存活的胚胎，但每个卵囊中幼虫的产量比从未接触过铜的雌性卵囊中减少了 43%，这表明生殖的能量分配减少。在急性暴露中，暴露于铜中仅三天的成体就无法产生存活的胚胎。此外，对照胚胎暴露于铜中会使孵化成功率降低 74%。孵化成功率的降低和生殖的能量分配减少不太可能完全是导致预产卵期暴露于铜时幼虫生产缺乏的原因，这表明铜可能还会抑制产卵和受精前或期间的过程。
