Effects of neurokinin-1 receptor agonism and antagonism in the rostral ventromedial medulla of rats with acute or persistent inflammatory nociception.

The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), a central relay in the bulbospinal pathways that modulate nociception, contains high concentrations of substance P (Sub P) and neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptors. However, the function of Sub P in the RVM is poorly understood. This study characterized the actions of Sub P in the RVM in the absence of injury and then used two NK1 receptor antagonists, L-733,060 and L-703, 606, to probe the role of endogenously released Sub P in the development and maintenance of persistent inflammatory nociception of immune or neurogenic origin. In uninjured rats, microinjection of Sub P in the RVM produced a transient thermal antinociception that was attenuated by pretreatment with L-733,060 or L-703,606. It did not alter threshold to withdrawal from tactile stimulation with von Frey filaments. Microinjection of the antagonists alone did not alter paw withdrawal latency (PWL) or threshold suggesting that Sub P is not tonically released in the RVM in the absence of injury. However, microinjection of either antagonist in the RVM was sufficient to reverse heat hyperalgesia 4 h, 4 days or 2 weeks after intraplantar (ipl) injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Antagonism of NK1 receptors in the RVM did not prevent or reverse tactile hypersensitivity induced by CFA, but did attenuate that produced by capsaicin. NK1 receptor antagonism did not prevent the development of thermal hyperalgesia, tactile hypersensitivity or spontaneous pain behaviors induced by mustard oil (MO). The results suggest that Sub P has bimodal actions in the RVM and that following inflammatory injury, it can play a critical role as a pronociceptive agent in the development and maintenance of hyperalgesia and tactile hypersensitivity. However, its actions are highly dependent on the stimulus modality and the type of injury, and this may be an additional basis for the poor efficacy of NK1 receptor antagonists in clinical trials.