Isler Hansruedi
Handb Clin Neurol. 2010;95:667-89. doi: 10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02142-8.
Early neurology in German-speaking countries evolved aside from mainstream medicine. Animists like Stahl in the 18th century saw the soul as the cause of health and disease, and the later Vitalists insisted on life-force as the specific property of living beings, contrary to skeptics like Albrecht von Haller, whose neurophysiology they left behind. Following Willis, they studied brain tracts and speculated about reflex action. They experimented with electrotherapy, and later devised early theories of electric nerve action. The controversial medical theories of animal magnetism and phrenology also advanced brain research and clinical neurology together with their sectarian programs, which seem absurd today. The impact on natural science and medicine of the last great Vitalist, Johannes Müller, and his mechanistic students such as Remak, Schwann, Schleiden, Helmholtz, Ludwig, Brücke, Virchow, Koelliker, and Wundt was unparalleled. They provided the anatomical and physiological infrastructure for the growth of neurology. From 1845 far into the 20th century, psychiatry and neurology evolved together. Neuropsychiatrists cared for their mental patients during the day, and studied their brain tissue slides at night, as in the case of Alzheimer and Nissl. Major advances in brain research were achieved by the hypnotists Forel and Vogt, and modern psychiatry was launched by the typical neuropsychiatrists Kraepelin, Moebius, Bleuler, and Adolf Meyer.
德语国家早期的神经病学是在主流医学之外发展起来的。18世纪像施塔尔这样的万物有灵论者认为灵魂是健康和疾病的根源，而后来的活力论者坚持生命活力是生物的特殊属性，这与像阿尔布雷希特·冯·哈勒这样的怀疑论者相反，活力论者将哈勒的神经生理学抛在身后。继威利斯之后，他们研究了脑通路并推测了反射作用。他们进行了电疗法实验，后来还提出了早期的神经电活动理论。动物磁力说和颅相学等有争议的医学理论及其宗派纲领也推动了脑研究和临床神经病学的发展，这些纲领如今看来很荒谬。最后一位伟大的活力论者约翰内斯·米勒及其机械论学生如雷马克、施旺、施莱登、亥姆霍兹、路德维希、布吕克、魏尔啸、克利克和冯特对自然科学和医学的影响是无与伦比的。他们为神经病学的发展提供了解剖学和生理学基础。从1845年一直到20世纪，精神病学和神经病学共同发展。神经精神病医生白天照料精神病人，晚上研究他们的脑组织切片，阿尔茨海默和尼斯尔就是这样。脑研究的重大进展是由催眠师福雷尔和沃格特取得的，现代精神病学是由典型的神经精神病医生克雷佩林、默比乌斯、布洛伊勒和阿道夫·迈耶开创的。
