Bentivoglio Marina, Mazzarello Paolo
Department of Morphological and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
Handb Clin Neurol. 2010;95:719-35. doi: 10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02144-1.
The chapter starts from the Renaissance (although the origins of Italian neurology can be traced back to the Middle Ages), when treatises of nervous system physiopathology still followed Hippocratic and Galenic "humoral" theories. In Italy, as elsewhere in Europe, the concepts of humoral pathology were abandoned in the 18th century, when neurology was influenced by novel trends. Neurology acquired the status of clinical discipline (as "clinic of mental diseases") after national reunification (declared in 1861 but completed much later). At the end of the 19th and first decades of the 20th century, eminent Italian "neuropsychiatrists" (including, among many others, Ugo Cerletti, who introduced electroconvulsive shock therapy in 1938) stimulated novel knowledge and approaches, "centers of excellence" flourished, and "Neurological Institutes" were founded. In the first half of the 20th century, the history of Italian neurology was dominated by World Wars I and II (which stimulated studies on the wounded) and the fascist regime in-between the Wars (when the flow of information was instead very limited). Italy became a republic in 1946, and modern neurology and its distinction from psychiatry were finally promoted. The chapter also provides detailed accounts of scientific societies and journals dedicated to the neurological sciences in Italy.
本章始于文艺复兴时期（尽管意大利神经病学的起源可追溯至中世纪），当时关于神经系统生理病理学的论文仍遵循希波克拉底和盖伦的“体液”学说。在意大利，与欧洲其他地方一样，体液病理学的概念在18世纪被摒弃，当时神经病学受到新趋势的影响。在国家统一（1861年宣布，但很久之后才完成）之后，神经病学获得了临床学科的地位（作为“精神疾病临床学”）。在19世纪末和20世纪的头几十年，杰出的意大利“神经精神病学家”（其中包括1938年引入电休克疗法的乌戈·塞尔莱蒂等许多人）激发了新的知识和方法，“卓越中心”蓬勃发展，“神经病学研究所”纷纷成立。在20世纪上半叶，意大利神经病学的历史主要受第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战（激发了对伤员的研究）以及两次世界大战之间的法西斯政权（当时信息流通非常有限）的影响。意大利在1946年成为共和国，现代神经病学及其与精神病学的区别最终得到了推动。本章还详细介绍了意大利致力于神经科学的科学协会和期刊。
