Concentration of proteins and removal of solutes.

The dramatic advances in recombinant DNA and proteomics technology over the past decade have supported a tremendous growth in biologics applied to diagnostics, biomarkers, and commercial therapeutic markets. In particular, antibodies and fusion proteins have now become a main focus for a broad number of clinical indications, including neurology, oncology, and infectious diseases with projected increase in novel first-class molecules and biosimilar entities over the next several years. In line with these advances are the improved analytical, development, and small-scale preparative methods employed to elucidate biologic structure, function, and interaction. A number of established methods are used for solvent removal, including lyophilization, reverse extraction, solute precipitation, and dialysis (solvent exchange), ultrafiltration, and chromatographic techniques. Notably, advances in the miniaturization and throughput of protein analysis have been supported by the development of a plethora of microscale extraction procedures and devices that exploit a wide array of modes for small-scale sample preparation, including the concentration and desalting of protein samples prior to further analysis. Furthermore, advances in process handling and data monitoring at microscale have dramatically improved complex control and product recovery of small quantities of biologics using techniques such as lyophilization and precipitation. In contrast, the efficient concentration of feed streams during preparative chromatography has been enhanced by improvements to protein binding capacity achieved through advanced bead and ligand design. The objective of solvent removal may be to prepare or concentrate solutes for analysis, or to facilitate their production or modification. Here, we describe the most recent advances in these techniques, particularly focusing on improved capabilities for bench-scale preparative methods.