Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, Filton, Bristol, UK.
Transfusion. 2010 Feb;50(2):281-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02456.x. Epub 2009 Nov 9.
Since the first issue of TRANSFUSION in 1961, there has been a tremendous expansion in not only the number of blood group antigens identified but also in our knowledge of their biochemical basis, function, and more recently, associated DNA changes. As certain techniques became available, our ability to discover and elucidate blood group antigens and appreciate their contribution to biology became possible. In particular, Western blotting, monoclonal antibodies, cloning, and polymerase chain reaction-based assays have led to an explosion of our knowledge base. The study of blood groups has had a significant effect on human genetics where they serve as useful markers in genetic linkage analyses. Indeed blood groups have provided several "firsts" in certain aspects of genetics. Blood group-null phenotypes, as natural human knockouts, have provided valuable insights into the importance of red blood cell membrane components. This review summarizes key aspects of the discovery of blood groups; the inconsistent terminology that has arisen; and the contribution of blood groups to genetics, safe transfusion, transplantation, evolution, and biology.
自 1961 年第一期《输血》杂志出版以来，不仅被鉴定的血型抗原数量有了巨大的增长，而且我们对其生化基础、功能的了解也有了增长，最近，与 DNA 变化相关的知识也有了增长。随着某些技术的出现，我们发现和阐明血型抗原并认识到它们对生物学的贡献的能力成为可能。特别是，Western 印迹、单克隆抗体、克隆和聚合酶链反应为我们的知识库带来了爆炸式的增长。血型研究对人类遗传学产生了重大影响，它们作为遗传连锁分析中的有用标记。事实上，血型在某些遗传学方面提供了几个“首例”。作为天然的人类基因敲除，血型缺失表型为红细胞膜成分的重要性提供了宝贵的见解。这篇综述总结了血型发现的关键方面；出现的不一致术语；以及血型对遗传学、安全输血、移植、进化和生物学的贡献。
