Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2022 Sep;20(9):542-556. doi: 10.1038/s41579-022-00712-1. Epub 2022 Mar 28.
The 10-10 microorganisms present in the human gut (collectively known as the human gut microbiota) dedicate substantial percentages of their genomes to the degradation and uptake of carbohydrates, indicating the importance of this class of molecules. Carbohydrates function not only as a carbon source for these bacteria but also as a means of attachment to the host, and a barrier to infection of the host. In this Review, we focus on the diversity of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), how gut microorganisms use them for carbohydrate degradation, the different chemical mechanisms of these CAZymes and the roles that these microorganisms and their CAZymes have in human health and disease. We also highlight examples of how enzymes from this treasure trove have been used in manipulation of the microbiota for improved health and treatment of disease, in remodelling the glycans on biopharmaceuticals and in the potential production of universal O-type donor blood.
人类肠道中存在的 10-10 种微生物（统称为人类肠道微生物群）将其基因组的很大一部分专门用于碳水化合物的降解和摄取，这表明了这类分子的重要性。碳水化合物不仅是这些细菌的碳源，也是它们与宿主附着的一种方式，也是宿主感染的一种屏障。在这篇综述中，我们重点关注碳水化合物活性酶（CAZymes）的多样性、肠道微生物如何利用它们进行碳水化合物降解、这些 CAZymes 的不同化学机制以及这些微生物及其 CAZymes 在人类健康和疾病中的作用。我们还强调了从这个宝库中提取的酶在改善健康和治疗疾病、重塑生物制药上的聚糖以及潜在生产通用 O 型供体血液方面的应用实例。
